If you do not need to look M and F values other than gender column then, may be you can try using value_counts() and count() as following:

df = pd.DataFrame({'gender':['M','M','F', 'F', 'F']})
# Percentage calculation
(df['gender'].value_counts()/df['gender'].count())*100

Result:

F    60.0
M    40.0
Name: gender, dtype: float64

Or, using groupby:

(df.groupby('gender').size()/df['gender'].count())*100

(This solution is inspired from this article https://pbpython.com/pandas_transform.html)

I find the following solution to be the simplest(and probably the fastest) using transformation:

Transformation: While aggregation must return a reduced version of the data, transformation can return some transformed version of the full data to recombine. For such a transformation, the output is the same shape as the input.

So using transformation, the solution is 1-liner:

df['%'] = 100 * df['sales'] / df.groupby('state')['sales'].transform('sum')

And if you print:

print(df.sort_values(['state', 'office_id']).reset_index(drop=True))

   state  office_id   sales          %
0     AZ          2  195197   9.844309
1     AZ          4  877890  44.274352
2     AZ          6  909754  45.881339
3     CA          1  614752  50.415708
4     CA          3  395340  32.421767
5     CA          5  209274  17.162525
6     CO          1  549430  42.659629
7     CO          3  457514  35.522956
8     CO          5  280995  21.817415
9     WA          2  828238  35.696929
10    WA          4  719366  31.004563
11    WA          6  772590  33.298509

Ge the total for all the columns of interest and then add the percentage column:

In [35]:
total = np.sum(df.ix[:,'y191':].values)
df['percent'] = df.ix[:,'y191':].sum(axis=1)/total * 100
df

Out[35]:
               country_name  country_code  val_code      y191      y192  \
0  United States of America           231         1  47052179  43361966   
1  United States of America           231         1   1187385   1201557   
2  United States of America           231         1  28211467  27668273   
3  United States of America           231         1    179000    193000   
4  United States of America           231         1  12613922  12864425   

       y193      y194      y195    percent  
0  42736682  43196916  41751928  50.149471  
1   1172941   1176366   1192173   1.363631  
2  29742374  27543836  28104317  32.483447  
3    233338    276639    249688   0.260213  
4  13240395  14106139  15642337  15.743237  

So np.sum will sum all the values:

In [32]:
total = np.sum(df.ix[:,'y191':].values)
total

Out[32]:
434899243

We then call .sum(axis=1)/total * 100 on the cols of interest to sum row-wise, divide by the total and multiply by 100 to get a percentage.