Your code example is not very complete. The part that actually causes the error can't be seen in your example.

I guess that your code looks something like this:

pub fn function1(s: String) -> i32 {
    let index: &i32 = &1;
    let substring = (&s[index..]).to_string();
    let counter = function1(substring);
    10
}

error[E0277]: the type `String` cannot be indexed by `RangeFrom<&i32>`
 --> src/main.rs:3:23
  |
3 |     let substring = (&s[index..]).to_string();
  |                       ^^^^^^^^^^ `String` cannot be indexed by `RangeFrom<&i32>`
  |
  = help: the trait `Index<RangeFrom<&i32>>` is not implemented for `String`

Problems

• index must be a usize, but it is an &i32. This is the main error that you see.
• You cannot slice a string directly, you need to convert from char-based indices to byte-based indices first. This can be done by iterating through char_indices().

Here is a rough sketch of how this might look like:

pub fn function1(s: String) -> i32 {
    println!("s: {}", s);

    let index: &i32 = &1;

    // Try to convert the index to a byte position
    let substring = match s.char_indices().nth(*index as usize) {
        // If a position with the given index was found in the string, create a substring
        Some((pos, _)) => (&s[pos..]).to_string(),
        // Else, create an empty string
        None => "".to_string(),
    };

    // Break if the substring is empty, otherwise we would have an infinite recursion
    if substring.is_empty() {
        return 0;
    }

    let counter = function1(substring);
    counter + 1
}

fn main() {
    let input_str = "😀😇😎🤪".to_string();
    let result = function1(input_str);
    println!("Result: {}", result);
}

s: 😀😇😎🤪
s: 😇😎🤪
s: 😎🤪
s: 🤪
Result: 3

Slicing vs copying

With every iteration of your function, you are creating a new copy of the string. This is quite slow, and I don't see a reason why this would be necessary in your case.

What you really want is a slice of the input string. This doesn't copy any data, it simply references a part of the original string.

To achieve that, you would have to change your parameter type from String to &str. There is no reason your function would need to take ownership. Even if you want to take ownership, then to_string() would do so, as it creates a copy of the data. So there really is no reason to use String as the parameter type.

pub fn function1(s: &str) -> i32 {
    println!("s: {}", s);

    let index: &i32 = &1;

    // Try to convert the index to a byte position
    let substring = match s.char_indices().nth(*index as usize) {
        // If a position with the given index was found in the string, create a substring slice
        Some((pos, _)) => &s[pos..],
        // Else, use an empty string
        None => "",
    };

    // Break if the substring is empty, otherwise we would have an infinite recursion
    if substring.is_empty() {
        return 0;
    }

    let counter = function1(substring);
    counter + 1
}

fn main() {
    let input_str = "😀😇😎🤪".to_string();
    let result = function1(&input_str);
    println!("Result: {}", result);
}

s: 😀😇😎🤪
s: 😇😎🤪
s: 😎🤪
s: 🤪
Result: 3