alternative assumption to the null hypothesis

In statistical hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis is one of the proposed propositions in the hypothesis test. In general the goal of hypothesis test is to demonstrate that in the given condition, … Wikipedia
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Wikipedia
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Alternative hypothesis - Wikipedia
October 6, 2025 - The concept of an alternative hypothesis in testing was devised by Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson, and it is used in the Neyman–Pearson lemma. It forms a major component in modern statistical hypothesis testing. However it was not part of Ronald Fisher's formulation of statistical hypothesis ...
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Lumen Learning
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Null and Alternative Hypotheses | Introduction to Statistics
Ha never has a symbol with an equal in it. The choice of symbol depends on the wording of the hypothesis test. However, be aware that many researchers (including one of the co-authors in research work) use = in the null hypothesis, even with > or < as the symbol in the alternative hypothesis.
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How is the alternative hypothesis different from the null hypothesis?
The alternative hypothesis posits that there is an effect or a difference, whereas the null hypothesis asserts that there is no effect or difference. The alternative hypothesis aims to provide evidence against the null hypothesis in hypothesis testing.
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vaia.com
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Alternative Hypothesis: Definition, Examples | Vaia
How is the Directional Alternative Hypothesis Different From the Non-Directional Alternative Hypothesis?
A directional alternative hypothesis specifies the *direction* of the expected difference (e.g., 'Group A will score higher than Group B'). A non-directional alternative hypothesis simply states that there will be a difference, without specifying the direction (e.g., 'Group A and Group B will have different scores').
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vedantu.com
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Alternative Hypothesis: Definition, Examples & Difference from ...
What is an alternative hypothesis in Maths or statistics?
In statistical hypothesis testing, the alternative hypothesis (often denoted as H1 or Ha) proposes that there is a statistically significant difference, relationship, or effect between variables. It contradicts the null hypothesis (H0), which states there is no significant difference. The alternative hypothesis is what the researcher believes to be true and aims to demonstrate through the experiment or analysis.
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vedantu.com
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Alternative Hypothesis: Definition, Examples & Difference from ...
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BYJUS
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Difference Between Null and Alternative Hypothesis
August 28, 2019 - It is contradictory to the null hypothesis and denoted by Ha or H1. We can also say that it is simply an alternative to the null. In hypothesis testing, an alternative theory is a statement which a researcher is testing. This statement is true from the researcher’s point of view and ultimately proves to reject the null to replace it with an alternative assumption.
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Scribbr
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Null & Alternative Hypotheses | Definitions, Templates & Examples
January 24, 2025 - The null and alternative hypotheses are two competing claims that researchers weigh evidence for and against using a statistical test: Null hypothesis (H0): There’s no effect in the population.
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Statistics By Jim
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Alternative hypothesis - Statistics By Jim
February 25, 2017 - The alternative hypothesis is one of two mutually exclusive hypotheses in a hypothesis test. The alternative hypothesis states that a population parameter does not equal a specified value. Typically, this value is the null hypothesis value associated with no effect, such as zero.
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VEDANTU
vedantu.com › maths › alternative hypothesis in maths
Alternative Hypothesis: Definition, Examples & Difference from Null Hypothesis
3 weeks ago - There's no strict mathematical formula, but the symbol is always paired with a statement describing the expected relationship or difference, for example: H1: μ ≠ 10 (the population mean is not equal to 10).
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Statistics LibreTexts
stats.libretexts.org › campus bookshelves › las positas college › math 40: statistics and probability › 8: hypothesis testing with one sample › 8.1: steps in hypothesis testing
8.1.1: Null and Alternative Hypotheses - Statistics LibreTexts
August 8, 2020 - After you have determined which hypothesis the sample supports, you make a decision. There are two options for a decision. They are "reject \(H_0\)" if the sample information favors the alternative hypothesis or "do not reject \(H_0\)" or "decline to reject \(H_0\)" if the sample information is insufficient to reject the null hypothesis.
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GeeksforGeeks
geeksforgeeks.org › mathematics › alternative-hypothesis-definition-types-and-examples
Alternative Hypothesis: Definition, Types and Examples - GeeksforGeeks
August 30, 2025 - The null hypothesis, denoted Ho, is the default position where variables do not have a relation with each other. That means the null hypothesis is assumed true until evidence indicates otherwise. The alternative hypothesis, denoted H1, on the other hand, opposes the null hypothesis.
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Vaia
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Alternative Hypothesis: Definition, Examples | Vaia
Testing Hypotheses: Use test statistics, p-values, and confidence intervals to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis (H0) in favour of the alternative hypothesis (Ha). Formulating an Alternative Hypothesis: Steps include identifying the research question, defining the null hypothesis (H0), and constructing the alternative hypothesis (Ha).
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National University
resources.nu.edu › statsresources › hypothesis
Null & Alternative Hypotheses - Statistics Resources - LibGuides at National University
Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no relationship between height and shoe size. Alternative Hypothesis: Ha: There is a positive relationship between height and shoe size.
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ScienceDirect
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Alternative Hypothesis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The one-sided threshold at significance ... that of the two-sided test for μA>μB (corresponding to the one-sided alternative hypothesis) and smaller for μA<μB. This is, in the Neyman–Pearson formulation, the reason for using the one-sided test if the alternative hypothesis is ...
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Pressbooks
pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu › introductorystatistics › chapter › null-and-alternative-hypotheses
Null and Alternative Hypotheses – Introductory Statistics
July 19, 2013 - Ha never has a symbol with an equal in it. The choice of symbol depends on the wording of the hypothesis test. However, be aware that many researchers (including one of the co-authors in research work) use = in the null hypothesis, even with > or < as the symbol in the alternative hypothesis.
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Study.com
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What is an Alternative Hypothesis For a Given Situation? | Statistics and Probability | Study.com
The original hypothesis claims that the exams after introducing the new book will be greater than the old exam scores (on average). Step 2: With regards to the inequality or equality determined in Step 1, take the complement (opposite) of your equation or inequality. The opposite of greater than is "less than or equal to." Step 3: The alternative hypothesis is obtained by replacing the symbol in Step 1 with the symbol in Step 2 for the null hypothesis.
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Statistics How To
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Alternate Hypothesis in Statistics: What is it? - Statistics How To
October 6, 2024 - Example 1: It’s an accepted fact that ethanol boils at 173.1°F; you have a theory that ethanol actually has a different boiling point, of over 174°F. The accepted fact (“ethanol boils at 173.1°F”) is the null hypothesis; your theory (“ethanol boils at temperatures of 174°F”) is the alternate hypothesis.
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Wall Street Mojo
wallstreetmojo.com › home › all blogs › statistics resources › alternative hypothesis
Alternative Hypothesis - Definition, Interpretation, Example
January 2, 2025 - In other words, it is the hypothesis opposing the null hypothesis. In simple terms, it points to the hypothesis that gets proved if there is enough evidence to defy the null hypothesis. ... The alternative hypothesis definition in research points to one of the stated statements in the hypothesis test.
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Applied Mathematics
colorado.edu › amath › sites › default › files › attached-files › lesson9_hyptests.pdf pdf
9 Hypothesis Tests (Ch 9.1-­9.3, 9.5-­9.9)
An appropriate problem formulation would involve testing · H0: µ = 1000 against Ha: µ > 1000. The conclusion that a change is justified is identified with · Ha, and it would take conclusive evidence to justify · rejecting H0 and switching to the new coating. Scientific research often involves trying to decide whether a · current theory should be replaced, or “elaborated upon.” · 9 · 1. Null vs Alternative Hypotheses · The alternative to the null hypothesis H0: θ = θ0 will look like ·
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Encyclopedia Britannica
britannica.com › science › alternative-hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis | statistics | Britannica
Other articles where alternative hypothesis is discussed: statistics: Hypothesis testing: An alternative hypothesis (denoted Ha), which is the opposite of what is stated in the null hypothesis, is then defined. The hypothesis-testing procedure involves using sample data to determine whether ...
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The rule for the proper formulation of a hypothesis test is that the alternative or research hypothesis is the statement that, if true, is strongly supported by the evidence furnished by the data.

The null hypothesis is generally the complement of the alternative hypothesis. Frequently, it is (or contains) the assumption that you are making about how the data are distributed in order to calculate the test statistic.

Here are a few examples to help you understand how these are properly chosen.

  1. Suppose I am an epidemiologist in public health, and I'm investigating whether the incidence of smoking among a certain ethnic group is greater than the population as a whole, and therefore there is a need to target anti-smoking campaigns for this sub-population through greater community outreach and education. From previous studies that have been published in the literature, I find that the incidence among the general population is $p_0$. I can then go about collecting sample data (that's actually the hard part!) to test $$H_0 : p = p_0 \quad \mathrm{vs.} \quad H_a : p > p_0.$$ This is a one-sided binomial proportion test. $H_a$ is the statement that, if it were true, would need to be strongly supported by the data we collected. It is the statement that carries the burden of proof. This is because any conclusion we draw from the test is conditional upon assuming that the null is true: either $H_a$ is accepted, or the test is inconclusive and there is insufficient evidence from the data to suggest $H_a$ is true. The choice of $H_0$ reflects the underlying assumption that there is no difference in the smoking rates of the sub-population compared to the whole.

  2. Now suppose I am a researcher investigating a new drug that I believe to be equally effective to an existing standard of treatment, but with fewer side effects and therefore a more desirable safety profile. I would like to demonstrate the equal efficacy by conducting a bioequivalence test. If $\mu_0$ is the mean existing standard treatment effect, then my hypothesis might look like this: $$H_0 : |\mu - \mu_0| \ge \Delta \quad \mathrm{vs.} \quad H_a : |\mu - \mu_0| < \Delta,$$ for some choice of margin $\Delta$ that I consider to be clinically significant. For example, a clinician might say that two treatments are sufficiently bioequivalent if there is less than a $\Delta = 10\%$ difference in treatment effect. Note again that $H_a$ is the statement that carries the burden of proof: the data we collect must strongly support it, in order for us to accept it; otherwise, it could still be true but we don't have the evidence to support the claim.

  3. Now suppose I am doing an analysis for a small business owner who sells three products $A$, $B$, $C$. They suspect that there is a statistically significant preference for these three products. Then my hypothesis is $$H_0 : \mu_A = \mu_B = \mu_C \quad \mathrm{vs.} \quad H_a : \exists i \ne j \text{ such that } \mu_i \ne \mu_j.$$ Really, all that $H_a$ is saying is that there are two means that are not equal to each other, which would then suggest that some difference in preference exists.

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The null hypothesis is nearly always "something didn't happen" or "there is no effect" or "there is no relationship" or something similar. But it need not be this.

In your case, the null would be "there is no relationship between CRM and performance"

The usual method is to test the null at some significance level (most often, 0.05). Whether this is a good method is another matter, but it is what is commonly done.

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ALLEN
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Alternative Hypothesis: Definition, Formulas & Applications
June 8, 2025 - Statistical evidence is then collected to determine whether to reject the null in favor of the alternative hypothesis. ... Here, μ₀ represents the hypothesized population mean. There’s no universal “formula” for an alternative hypothesis, as it depends on the context of the statistical test.