Canola is a type of rapeseed developed in Canada in the 1960s through traditional plant breeding to create a healthier, edible oil with low levels of erucic acid (less than 2%) and low glucosinolates (less than 30 µmol per gram of meal). The name "canola" is a portmanteau of "Canadian" and "ola" (oil), and it refers to edible varieties of rapeseed that meet strict international standards for safety and nutrition.

Canola plants are part of the Brassicaceae family, related to mustard, cabbage, and broccoli. They grow 3–5 feet tall, produce bright yellow flowers, and are grown as an annual crop in both spring and winter varieties. Most canola grown in the U.S. and Canada is Brassica napus, and it is primarily cultivated for its oil and protein-rich meal.

Canola oil is the third most consumed vegetable oil globally, prized for its heart-healthy properties: it has the lowest saturated fat content of common cooking oils (7%), is high in monounsaturated fats (63%), and contains a favorable 2:1 ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids. It is ideal for cooking due to its high smoke point (204°C or 400°F), neutral flavor, and light texture. It is also used in biodiesel, cosmetics, and industrial lubricants.

Canola meal, the byproduct after oil extraction, contains 36% protein and is a high-quality feed for livestock, poultry, dairy cows, and fish. Research shows it can boost milk production in dairy cows and replace fishmeal in aquaculture.

Global production and trade: Canada is the world’s largest producer and exporter of canola, accounting for over 60% of global exports and 30% of world supply. Major producers include China, India, the EU, and Australia. In 2023, global rapeseed oil production was 31 million tonnes, with Canada, China, Germany, and India leading. A recent trade deal between Canada and China has slashed tariffs on Canadian canola from 85% to 15%, marking a significant boost for Canadian farmers.

Health and safety: Canola oil is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the U.S. FDA and has a qualified health claim for reducing coronary heart disease risk when used to replace saturated fats. No adverse health effects have been linked to dietary consumption of erucic acid at current levels (0.01–0.1%). Organic canola oil must come from non-GMO seeds, and cross-pollination requires isolation from conventional fields to maintain organic integrity.