Exponentiation
mathematical operation
{\displaystyle \exp(x)=e^{x}}
{\displaystyle \exp(x)=e^{x}.}
{\displaystyle b=\exp(\ln b)=e^{\ln b}}
{\displaystyle e^{x\ln b}}
In mathematics, exponentiation, denoted bn, is an operation involving two numbers: the base, b, and the exponent or power, n. When n is a positive integer, exponentiation corresponds to repeated multiplication of … Wikipedia
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Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Exponentiation
Exponentiation - Wikipedia
1 month ago - For example, 35 = 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 · 3 = 243. The base 3 appears 5 times in the multiplication, because the exponent is 5. Here, 243 is the 5th power of 3, or 3 raised to the 5th power. The word "raised" is usually omitted, and sometimes "power" as well, so 35 can be simply read "3 to the ...
EtymologyHistoryTerminologyInteger exponentsRational exponentsReal exponentsComplex exponents with a positive real baseNon-integer exponents with a complex baseIrrationality and transcendenceInteger powers in algebraPowers of setsRepeated exponentiationLimits of powersEfficient computation with integer exponentsIterated functionsIn programming languages
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MDN Web Docs
developer.mozilla.org › en-US › docs › Web › JavaScript › Reference › Operators › Exponentiation
Exponentiation (**) - JavaScript | MDN
In most languages, such as PHP, Python, and others that have an exponentiation operator (**), the exponentiation operator is defined to have a higher precedence than unary operators, such as unary + and unary -, but there are a few exceptions. For example, in Bash, the ** operator is defined to have a lower precedence than unary operators.
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Oracle
docs.oracle.com › en › applications › enterprise-performance-management › 11.2 › hfmam › bsl_exponentiation_operator.html
Exponentiation Operator (^)
January 23, 2026 - When more than one exponentiation is performed in a single expression, the ^ operator is evaluated as it is encountered from left to right. The following examples illustrates the use of exponential operator.
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wumbo.net
wumbo.net › operators › exponentiation
Exponent Operator
For discrete numbers, raising a value to the -th power is the same as multiplying the base by itself times. For example, raised to the value is equal to multiplied by multiplied by as shown in the equation below. The exponent operator models exponential growth and is related to the logarithm and radical operators.
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University of Vermont
uvm.edu › ~cbcafier › cs1210 › book › 04_variables,_statements,_and_expressions › exponentiation.html
Exponentiation – Clayton Cafiero
Now we know that ** is the exponentiation operator in Python. This is an infix operator, meaning that the operator appears between its two operands. As you’d expect, the first operand is the base, and the second operand is the exponent or power. So, ... Also, as you’d expect, ** has precedence over * so in the above examples, radius ** 2 and v ** 2 are calculated before multiplication with other terms.
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Rosetta Code
rosettacode.org › wiki › Exponentiation_operator
Exponentiation operator - Rosetta Code
4 days ago - First we declare the specifications of the two procedures and the two corresponding operators (written as functions with quoted operators as their names): package Integer_Exponentiation is -- int^int procedure Exponentiate (Argument : in Integer; Exponent : in Natural; Result : out Integer); function "**" (Left : Integer; Right : Natural) return Integer; -- real^int procedure Exponentiate (Argument : in Float; Exponent : in Integer; Result : out Float); function "**" (Left : Float; Right : Integer) return Float; end Integer_Exponentiation;
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Microsoft Learn
learn.microsoft.com › en-us › dotnet › visual-basic › language-reference › operators › exponentiation-operator
^ Operator - Visual Basic | Microsoft Learn
Dim exp1, exp2, exp3, exp4, exp5, exp6 As Double exp1 = 2 ^ 2 exp2 = 3 ^ 3 ^ 3 exp3 = (-5) ^ 3 exp4 = (-5) ^ 4 exp5 = 8 ^ (1.0 / 3.0) exp6 = 8 ^ (-1.0 / 3.0) The preceding example produces the following results:
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W3Schools
w3schools.com › jsref › jsref_oper_exponentiation.asp
JavaScript Exponentiation Operator
The exponentiation (**) operator returns the first operand raised to the power of the second operand.
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InterSystems
docs.intersystems.com › latest › csp › docbook › DocBook.UI.Page.cls
Exponent Operator (^) | Caché Basic Reference | Caché & Ensemble 2018.1.4 – 2018.1.12
The caret (^) is used as the exponentiation operator.
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Stack Exchange
langdev.stackexchange.com › questions › 1959 › what-syntax-could-be-used-to-implement-both-an-exponentiation-operator-and-xor
What syntax could be used to implement both an exponentiation operator and XOR? - Programming Language Design and Implementation Stack Exchange
Top answer
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9

Lua solves this by using x ~ y for XOR.

When applied to floats which do not have an integer representation, it throws an error.

This is reasonably intuitive, since Lua uses ~x for bitwise negation (which is pretty common since the C days), and bitwise negation is just a special case of XOR (~x == (~0) ~ x). This also avoids having to introduce a new operator symbol.

(converted from a comment to an answer)

Other, more obscure ASCII sequences that come to mind are:

  • <>, since XOR can be seen as a bitwise antivalence (downside: many programming languages use this for ~= / !=)
  • (+), since XOR can be seen as a bitwise addition mod 2, which is usually notated as "oplus"
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19

Demote xor

Unless you're in C or a similarly low-level language, you're not going to be doing a lot of bit-level manipulation. So the bitwise operations really don't need to be using up those juicy one-character infix symbols that we have a very limited supply of. In a high-level language, use ^ for the common case of exponentiation, and supply bitwise-xor (and the other bitwise operations, for that matter) as a named function or an operator with a longer name.

  • Haskell supplies xor as a standard function, not an operator. Haskell also demotes the other bitwise operators to have longer names (.&. and .|.), leaving & available for a higher-order function, | available as syntax, and ^ for exponentiation.
  • Julia goes even further, relegating bitwise-xor to the Unicode symbol ⊻ (with the function xor as an alias), and using ^ for exponentiation.
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2ality
2ality.com › 2016 › 02 › exponentiation-operator.html
ES2016 feature: exponentiation operator (`**`)
The exponentiation operator (**) is an ECMAScript proposal by Rick Waldron. It is at stage 4 (finished) and part of ECMAScript 2016.
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W3Schools
w3schools.com › howto › howto_js_exponentiation.asp
How To Use JavaScript Exponentiation
The exponentiation assignment operator (**=) raises the value of a variable to the power of the right operand.
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W3cubDocs
docs.w3cub.com › javascript › operators › exponentiation
Exponentiation operator - JavaScript
In most languages, such as PHP, Python, and others that have an exponentiation operator (**), the exponentiation operator is defined to have a higher precedence than unary operators, such as unary + and unary -, but there are a few exceptions. For example, in Bash, the ** operator is defined to have a lower precedence than unary operators.
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DataCamp
datacamp.com › tutorial › exponents-in-python
Exponents in Python: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners | DataCamp
November 25, 2024 - If you want to improve your Python ... we show how to calculate exponentiation using positive exponents. For example, 2 raised to the power of 3 is calculated as 2 × 2 × 2, resulting in 8....
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Cuemath
cuemath.com › numbers › exponentiation
Exponentiation - Properties, Definition, Formula, Examples
Solution: Given 23x = 32. By using the exponentiation formula, we know that 32 can be written as 25. ... Therefore, the value of x is 5/3. Example 2: By using exponentiation properties, find the value of 23 × 22.
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Medium
medium.com › dailyjs › exponentiation-operator-in-javascript-65fda2727308
Exponentiation Operator in JavaScript | by Samantha Ming | DailyJS | Medium
May 7, 2019 - Finally, there is a more a succinct way to write an Exponentiation Expression using the new ES7 ** notation in JavaScript…
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DEV Community
dev.to › mayallo › exponentiation-in-javascript-a-beginners-guide-5gdj
Exponentiation in JavaScript: A Beginner’s Guide - DEV Community
July 8, 2023 - If, for instance, we raise 2 to the power of 3, we calculate it as 2 * 2 * 2, which gives us the result of 8. In JavaScript, you can use either the ** operator introduced in ES6 or the method Math.pow() when evaluating exponents.
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MDN Web Docs
developer.mozilla.org › en-US › docs › Web › JavaScript › Reference › Operators › Exponentiation_assignment
Exponentiation assignment (**=) - JavaScript | MDN
The exponentiation assignment (**=) operator performs exponentiation on the two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.
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GeeksforGeeks
geeksforgeeks.org › javascript › exponentiation-arithmetic-operator-in-javascript
Exponentiation(**) Arithmetic Operator in JavaScript - GeeksforGeeks
July 23, 2025 - The exponentiation operator is right associative which means that x**y**z will give the same result as x**(y**z). ... Return: It returns the result of raising the first operand to the power of the second operand.
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DAX Guide
dax.guide › op › exponentiation
Exponentiation (^) – DAX Guide
The exponentiation operator ^ returns the result of a number raised to a power. It is syntactic sugar for the POWER function, which is used underneath. Any
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