Hydronium

Final Answer: The hydronium ion concentration is represented by the symbol [ H 3 ​ O + ] . It is commonly expressed in molarity or as pH, calculated using the formula pH = − lo g [ H 3 ​ O + ] . Understanding this concept is essential in determining the acidity of solutions. ; Explanation: The symbol for hydronium ion concentration is [ H 3 ​ O + ] . Hydronium ions form when an acid dissolves in water, increasing the concentration of hydronium ions in the solution. The concentration of hydronium ions is commonly expressed either in molarity (M), which is moles of ion per liter of solution, or as pH, which is calculated using the formula: pH = − lo g [ H 3 ​ O + ] This logarithmic scale helps to express the concentration of hydronium ions when they are very small, as is often the case in most aqueous solutions. When working with diluted acid solutions, for instance, a solution with a hydronium ion concentration of 0.001 M would have a pH calculated as: pH = − lo g ( 0.001 ) = 3 This means the solution is acidic. In summary, the concentration of hydronium ions, [ H 3 ​ O + ] , is an important factor in understanding the acidity of solutions and can be converted to pH for easier interpretation. Additionally, concentrations of hydronium ions and hydroxide ions are inversely related in water, meaning if the concentration of one increases, the other decreases. In pure water at 25 °C, hydronium ion concentration is equal to hydroxide ion concentration, leading to a neutral pH of 7. The relationship can be understood through the auto-ionization of water, where: [ H 3 ​ O + ] [ O H − ] = 1 0 − 14 (at 25 °C) This equation shows that as [ H 3 ​ O + ] increases, [ O H − ] must decrease to maintain this constant. ; Examples & Evidence: For example, if a solution has a hydronium ion concentration of 0.01 M, its pH would be 2, indicating a strongly acidic solution. Conversely, if a solution is neutral with a pH of 7, both hydronium and hydroxide concentrations would be at 1 × 1 0 − 7 M . This information is based on fundamental concepts in chemistry regarding acid-base theory, hydronium ion dynamics, and the pH scale, which are standard in high school chemistry curricula.

The correct symbol is H30+

Hint: Electron dot diagrams are called Lewis dot structures. In this representation, electrons are represented using dots. Bonding in a molecule is presented using the atoms along with their bond pairs and lone pairs. Complete step by step answer:Hydronium ion is the common aqueous ion. It is produced by protonation of water molecules. Formation of hydronium ions can be explained using the following electron dot diagram.\n \n \n \n \n The central atom in water is oxygen. It contains a total six valence electrons. Two of these electrons form bonds with two hydrogen atoms. There are two lone pairs left on the oxygen atom. A proton is a hydrogen cation which does not have any electrons. When a proton approaches the water molecule, the oxygen donates one lone pair towards this proton and forms hydronium ion as shown in the figure. Since both electrons in the formation of hydronium ions are from the oxygen, the bond formed is a coordination bond. The structure of hydronium ion is shown below.\n \n \n \n \n Hence the type of bonding present in hydronium ion is coordination bond.Additional information-Structure of hydronium ion is trigonal pyramidal with oxygen in $s{p^3}$ hybridisation. The H-O-H bond angle is ${113^0}$. The one lone pair occupy above the oxygen atom.Note:Formula for hydronium ions is ${H_3}{O^ + }$ . According to IUPAC nomenclature hydronium ion is called oxonium ion. Hydronium ions are highly reactive and exist as solvated in water. It exists as a tri-hydrated hydronium ion with chemical formula is ${H_3}{O^ + } \\cdot 3{H_2}O$ .