ECMAScript, established as a standard in 1997, serves as the official specification that JavaScript implements. Each web browser contains its unique JavaScript engine, such as V8 for Chrome, SpiderMonkey for Firefox, and Chakra for Internet Explorer, translating ECMAScript compliant code into machine code. Although ECMAScript defines the standard, the implementations across browsers ensure that JavaScript functions uniformly, accounting for browser-specific differences and enhancing compatibility and performance of web applications .

Developers might choose JavaScript for client-side scripting due to its lightweight nature, speed, and compatibility across all modern web browsers. It's capable of enabling dynamic content and interactive features on web pages without requiring additional plugins. JavaScript's ecosystem of libraries and frameworks further extend its functionality, making it a versatile choice for web development .

Static web applications are characterized by their inability to handle business logic and consist only of the client layer, primarily developed using HTML and styled with CSS. They offer limited interaction with the end-user, as seen with simple informational web pages. Dynamic web applications, on the other hand, can handle business logic and typically include both client and business layers. They enable user interaction and data manipulation, using technologies such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript for the client-side, and server-side languages like .NET, Java, or PHP for the business logic. Data st