Password security policies are critical for enhancing cybersecurity by enforcing standards that make password-based authentication more robust and resistant to attacks. Key components of effective password policies include length and complexity, which make passwords harder to crack through brute force or dictionary attacks. A strong password policy recommends passwords of at least 12 to 16 characters with a mix of letters, numbers, and special symbols, thereby increasing the time and resources needed to compromise them . The avoidance of password reuse is another essential aspect, as using the

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) encompasses a comprehensive system for managing digital certificates and public-private key pairs, integral to establishing trust and facilitating secure communications. PKI involves components such as hardware, software, policies, procedures, and entities like Certificate Authorities (CAs) that issue and manage digital certificates. It ensures secure data transfer, authentication, and encrypted communications, particularly in web interactions such as HTTPS . Public Key Cryptography, on the other hand, involves the actual encryption and decryption processes usin

Organizations can protect against ransomware attacks by conducting regular backups, installing software updates regularly, providing security awareness training to users, and implementing Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA). If an attack occurs, it is advised to disconnect the infected machine from the network, notify the authorities, and restore data from known good backups .