Scribbr
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Null & Alternative Hypotheses | Definitions, Templates & Examples
January 24, 2025 - When you incorrectly reject the null hypothesis, it’s called a type I error. When you incorrectly fail to reject it, it’s a type II error. The table below gives examples of research questions and null hypotheses. There’s always more than one way to answer a research question, but these null hypotheses can help you get started. *Note that some researchers prefer to always write the null hypothesis in terms of “no effect” and “=”. It would be fine to say that daily meditation has no effect on the incidence of depression and p1 = p2.
ThoughtCo
thoughtco.com › null-hypothesis-examples-609097
How to Formulate a Null Hypothesis (With Examples)
May 7, 2024 - Rephrase that question in a form that assumes no relationship between the variables. In other words, assume a treatment has no effect. Write your hypothesis in a way that reflects this. ... In addition to the null hypothesis, the alternative hypothesis is also a staple in traditional significance tests.
Do you have to actually state the null hypothesis in a research proposal?
Yeah thats spot on; no need to state null hypothesis! More on reddit.com
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April 17, 2021How do I frame null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis here?
In words: H0: Group A and Group B have equal life satisfaction HA: Group A and Group B have different life satisfaction Which I would translate as H0: meanA = meanB HA: meanB =/= meanB So you'd have to find the CI for each group and see if they overlap. It's been a while (25 years) since I've done this kind of thing, so I might be wrong, but I don't think I am. edit: typo in HA! More on reddit.com
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December 8, 2020How to write a null hypothesis using the ntheorem package - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange
I have two hypotheses. One effect hypothesis (number 1), and a null hypothesis (number 2). How do I make the null hypothesis appear as Hypothesis 0 instead of Hypothesis 2? I.e. I want to change the More on tex.stackexchange.com
ELI5 what is the null hypothesis and can you give me some simple examples?
More or less, the null hypothesis is a hypothesis that states there wasn't anything important discovered in observation. If it's a two-group trial and control study, the null hypothesis is generally "the trial group is no different".
If the study is testing a medication, the null hypothesis is "it doesn't do anything".
If the study is comparing gender differences in some mental task, the null hypothesis is "there isn't a difference".
More on reddit.com 13
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November 23, 2021What’s the difference between a research hypothesis and a statistical hypothesis?
A research hypothesis is your proposed answer to your research question. The research hypothesis usually includes an explanation (“x affects y because …”). · A statistical hypothesis, on the other hand, is a mathematical statement about a population parameter. Statistical hypotheses always come in pairs: the null and alternative hypotheses. In a well-designed study, the statistical hypotheses correspond logically to the research hypothesis.
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Null & Alternative Hypotheses | Definitions, Templates & Examples
What is hypothesis testing?
Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses, by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.
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Null & Alternative Hypotheses | Definitions, Templates & Examples
What are null and alternative hypotheses?
Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing. The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.
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Null & Alternative Hypotheses | Definitions, Templates & Examples
Videos
04:29
What's a null hypothesis? // How to write a null hypothesis - YouTube
14:38
Writing the Null and Alternate Hypothesis in Statistics - YouTube
06:15
Writing Null and Alternative Hypotheses - YouTube
Examples of null and alternative hypotheses (video)
10:57
The Null Hypothesis and Research Hypothesis - YouTube
Writing the Null and Alternate Hypothesis in Statistics
statistical concept
Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Null_hypothesis
Null hypothesis - Wikipedia
3 weeks ago - Confirming the null hypothesis is two-sided would amount to positively proving it is bigger or equal than 0 and to positively proving it is smaller or equal than 0; this is something for which infinite accuracy is needed as well as exactly zero effect, neither of which normally are realistic.
Penn State University
online.stat.psu.edu › stat200 › lesson › 5 › 5.2
5.2 - Writing Hypotheses | STAT 200
For each test you will have a null hypothesis (\(H_0\)) and an alternative hypothesis (\(H_a\)). ... When writing hypotheses there are three things that we need to know: (1) the parameter that we are testing (2) the direction of the test (non-directional, right-tailed or left-tailed), and (3) the value of the hypothesized parameter. At this point we can write hypotheses for a single mean (\(\mu\)), paired means(\(\mu_d\)), a single proportion (\(p\)), the difference between two independent means (\(\mu_1-\mu_2\)), the difference between two proportions (\(p_1-p_2\)), a simple linear regression slope (\(\beta\)), and a correlation (\(\rho\)).
National University
resources.nu.edu › statsresources › hypothesis
Null & Alternative Hypotheses - Statistics Resources - LibGuides at National University
October 27, 2025 - This is your answer to your research question. ... Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no difference in the salary of factory workers based on gender.
Reddit
reddit.com › r/psychologystudents › do you have to actually state the null hypothesis in a research proposal?
r/psychologystudents on Reddit: Do you have to actually state the null hypothesis in a research proposal?
April 17, 2021 -
Might be a dumb question but is there a need to actually state H0 when writing up a research proposal as per APA format?
All I've given is the research question ("the present study aims to assess....") followed up with a version of the alternative hypothesis ("It is hypothesised that....") Would this suffice?
Thanks!!
Top answer 1 of 4
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Yeah thats spot on; no need to state null hypothesis!
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I think the hypothesis would suffice, and the alternative & null hypothesis would just come up during results or data analysis. Even we had a similar error when drafting the proposal but we eventually removed it for simplicity's sake :))
Quora
quora.com › How-do-you-write-a-null-hypothesis-for-a-research-paper
How to write a null hypothesis for a research paper - Quora
Answer (1 of 4): You may be confusing the concept of a research hypothesis and a null hypothesis. A research hypothesis is what you want to confirm or not confirm. A research hypothesis might be that states with Democratic governors have had fewer covid cases than states with Republican governors...
Applied Mathematics
colorado.edu › amath › sites › default › files › attached-files › lesson9_hyptests.pdf pdf
9 Hypothesis Tests (Ch 9.1-9.3, 9.5-9.9)
reject the null hypothesis;; for the other 81%, a type II error ... H0 is false because µ = 22. ... Perceptions of Wine Quality” (Amer. J. of Enology and · Viticulture, 2007: 182–191) reported that, in a tasting of · commercial chardonnays, 16 of 91 bottles were considered · spoiled to ...
Wordvice
blog.wordvice.com › home › how to write a research hypothesis: good & bad examples
How to Write a Research Hypothesis: Good & Bad Examples - Wordvice
June 9, 2025 - You then test this nondirectional ... the null hypothesis: H0: The only lab-tested drug has no effect on anxiety levels in an anxiety mouse model. In most research papers, the hypothesis or statement of purpose is placed at the end of the Introduction section. Now that we understand the important distinctions between different kinds of research hypotheses, let’s look at a simple process of how to write a ...
National Library of Medicine
nlm.nih.gov › oet › ed › stats › 02-700.html
Finding and Using Health Statistics
In the null hypothesis, there is no difference between the observed mean (µ) and the claimed value (75). However, in the alternative hypothesis, class mean is significantly different (either less than or greater than 75) from the student’s score (75). Statistical tests will be used to support to either support or reject the null hypothesis.
Reddit
reddit.com › r/askstatistics › how do i frame null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis here?
r/AskStatistics on Reddit: How do I frame null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis here?
December 8, 2020 -
Hey guys,
I've just started self learning hypothesis testing and am getting confused about framing the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis in this question.
Usually every question I came accross made more sense and had a defining point at which it should be considered high satisfaction and below which it would be low.
Best I could come up with is (H0 : score > 30) but just assuming everything above mean is high feels wrong cause there's nothing specified in the question.
So in case I come accross questions like this how to I approach framing the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis?
Top answer 1 of 2
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In words: H0: Group A and Group B have equal life satisfaction HA: Group A and Group B have different life satisfaction Which I would translate as H0: meanA = meanB HA: meanB =/= meanB So you'd have to find the CI for each group and see if they overlap. It's been a while (25 years) since I've done this kind of thing, so I might be wrong, but I don't think I am. edit: typo in HA!
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Hypotheses are about population quantities. "score>30" is not of that form Null hypotheses should normally include an equality (otherwise you run into some issues with logic/interpretation) "had a defining point at which it should be considered high satisfaction and below which it would be low" is talking about a one sample test. This is clearly some kind of location comparison on two samples. However the question does not suggest which specific sort of population comparison might be of interest; you'd need to think about whether you are going to compare means or something else. Where does the question come from? [There's some issues with the question: "A research" is not correct English, "research" is effectively a mass noun, you can't enumerate it - either "Research was..." or "A piece of research was..." would work; "excel" should be capitalized; "justify with" is not correct English; the "with" could be omitted. There are some other issues as well, but those were the ones that bothered my enough to mention. The author needs a proofreader.]
Tallahassee State College
tsc.fl.edu › media › divisions › learning-commons › resources-by-subject › math › statistics › The-Null-and-the-Alternative-Hypotheses.pdf pdf
The Null and the Alternative Hypotheses
more than or less than 50%. The Null and Alternative Hypotheses looks like: H0: p = 0.5 (This is ... They want to test what proportion of the parts do not meet the specifications. Since they claim · that the proportion is less than 2%, the symbol for the Alternative Hypothesis will be <. As is the
ABPI Schools
abpischools.org.uk › topics › statistics › the-null-hypothesis-and-the-p-value
The null hypothesis and the p-value
For example, if you were investigating the effect that short bursts of exercise have on heart rate, your null hypothesis would state ‘Short bursts of exercise will have no effect on heart rate’. When interpreting results, you work to either accept or reject the null hypothesis.
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My impression is that you don't want automatic numbering.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{ntheorem} % For writing hypotheses
\theoremseparator{:} % Insert :
\newtheorem*{hyp*}{Hypothesis \protect\hypnumber} % Name "Hypothesis"
\newenvironment{hyp}[1]{\renewcommand{\hypnumber}{#1}\begin{hyp*}}{\end{hyp*}}
\newcommand{\hypnumber}{}
\begin{document}
\begin{hyp}{1}
My first hypothesis
\end{hyp}
\begin{hyp}{0}
My null hypothesis
\end{hyp}
\end{document}
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You could set the counter to -1 before the null hypothesis (which will increase it to 0) and then back 1 afterwards:
\setcounter{hyp}{-1}
\begin{hyp}
My null hypothesis
\end{hyp}
\setcounter{hyp}[1}
That could be inconvenient however if you ever move the placement of the null hypothesis relative to other hypotheses, since you'd then have to set it back to something else.
An alternative would just to introduce a second nullhyp environment so its counter wouldn't interfere with the main hyp counter, so you wouldn't have to reset it afterwards.
\documentclass[12pt, letterpaper]{article}
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}
\usepackage{ntheorem} % For writing hypotheses
\theoremseparator{:} % Insert :
\newtheorem{hyp}{Hypothesis} % Name "Hypothesis"
\newtheorem{nullhyp}{Hypothesis} % Same name, different counter
\begin{document}
\begin{hyp}
My first hypothesis
\end{hyp}
\setcounter{nullhyp}{-1}
\begin{nullhyp}
My null hypothesis
\end{nullhyp}
\begin{hyp}
My next hypothesis
\end{hyp}
\end{document}
I'm sure there are other methods.
Open Textbook BC
opentextbc.ca › researchmethods › chapter › understanding-null-hypothesis-testing
Understanding Null Hypothesis Testing – Research Methods in Psychology – 2nd Canadian Edition
October 13, 2015 - Null hypothesis testing is a formal approach to deciding between two interpretations of a statistical relationship in a sample. One interpretation is called the null hypothesis (often symbolized H0 and read as “H-naught”). This is the idea that there is no relationship in the population and that the relationship in the sample reflects only sampling error.
Optimizely
optimizely.com › optimization-glossary › null-hypothesis
What is a null hypothesis? - Optimizely
June 10, 2025 - The null hypothesis works within a framework of interconnected statistical concepts. When you create a null hypothesis, you simultaneously define the alternative hypothesis which states there is a significant difference or relationship between your variables and typically represents what you hope to prove.
San Jose State University
sjsu.edu › faculty › gerstman › StatPrimer › hyp-test.pdf pdf
6: Introduction to Null Hypothesis Significance Testing
Step 1. Review the research question and identify the null hypothesis. Read the research question. Verify that we have a single sample that addresses a binomial proportion. Identify the value of binomial · parameter p when there is truly “no difference.” Write the null hypothesis in this form:
Corporate Finance Institute
corporatefinanceinstitute.com › home › resources › null hypothesis
Null Hypothesis - Overview, How It Works, Example
November 21, 2023 - Over 2.8 million + professionals use CFI to learn accounting, financial analysis, modeling and more. Unlock the essentials of corporate finance with our free resources and get an exclusive sneak peek at the first module of each course. Start Free · The null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between two population parameters, i.e., an independent variable and a dependent variable.
Texas Gateway
texasgateway.org › resource › 91-null-and-alternative-hypotheses
9.1 Null and Alternative Hypotheses | Texas Gateway
H0—The null hypothesis: It is a statement of no difference between sample means or proportions or no difference between a sample mean or proportion and a population mean or proportion. In other words, the difference equals 0. Ha—The alternative hypothesis: It is a claim about the population that is contradictory to H0 and what we conclude when we reject H0.
Simply Psychology
simplypsychology.org › research methodology › what is the null hypothesis & when do you reject the null hypothesis
What Is The Null Hypothesis & When To Reject It
July 31, 2023 - It’s the default assumption unless empirical evidence proves otherwise. The null hypothesis states no relationship exists between the two variables being studied (i.e., one variable does not affect the other).