Is null an instance of anything?

No, there is no type which null is an instanceof.

15.20.2 Type Comparison Operator instanceof

RelationalExpression:
    RelationalExpression instanceof ReferenceType

At run time, the result of the instanceof operator is true if the value of the RelationalExpression is not null and the reference could be cast to the ReferenceType without raising a ClassCastException. Otherwise the result is false.

This means that for any type E and R, for any E o, where o == null, o instanceof R is always false.

What set does 'null' belong to?

JLS 4.1 The Kinds of Types and Values

There is also a special null type, the type of the expression null, which has no name. Because the null type has no name, it is impossible to declare a variable of the null type or to cast to the null type. The null reference is the only possible value of an expression of null type. The null reference can always be cast to any reference type. In practice, the programmer can ignore the null type and just pretend that null is merely a special literal that can be of any reference type.

What is null?

As the JLS quote above says, in practice you can simply pretend that it's "merely a special literal that can be of any reference type".

In Java, null == null (this isn't always the case in other languages). Note also that by contract, it also has this special property (from java.lang.Object):

public boolean equals(Object obj)

For any non-null reference value x, x.equals(null) should return false.

It is also the default value (for variables that have them) for all reference types:

JLS 4.12.5 Initial Values of Variables

• Each class variable, instance variable, or array component is initialized with a default value when it is created:
  • For all reference types, the default value is null.

How this is used varies. You can use it to enable what is called lazy initialization of fields, where a field would have its initial value of null until it's actually used, where it's replaced by the "real" value (which may be expensive to compute).

There are also other uses. Let's take a real example from java.lang.System:

public static Console console()

Returns: The system console, if any, otherwise null.

This is a very common use pattern: null is used to denote non-existence of an object.

Here's another usage example, this time from java.io.BufferedReader:

public String readLine() throws IOException

Returns: A String containing the contents of the line, not including any line-termination characters, or null if the end of the stream has been reached.

So here, readLine() would return instanceof String for each line, until it finally returns a null to signify the end. This allows you to process each line as follows:

String line;
while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) {
   process(line);
}

One can design the API so that the termination condition doesn't depend on readLine() returning null, but one can see that this design has the benefit of making things concise. Note that there is no problem with empty lines, because an empty line "" != null.

Let's take another example, this time from java.util.Map<K,V>:

V get(Object key)

Returns the value to which the specified key is mapped, or null if this map contains no mapping for the key.

If this map permits null values, then a return value of null does not necessarily indicate that the map contains no mapping for the key; it's also possible that the map explicitly maps the key to null. The containsKey operation may be used to distinguish these two cases.

Here we start to see how using null can complicate things. The first statement says that if the key isn't mapped, null is returned. The second statement says that even if the key is mapped, null can also be returned.

In contrast, java.util.Hashtable keeps things simpler by not permitting null keys and values; its V get(Object key), if returns null, unambiguously means that the key isn't mapped.

You can read through the rest of the APIs and find where and how null is used. Do keep in mind that they aren't always the best practice examples.

Generally speaking, null are used as a special value to signify:

• Uninitialized state
• Termination condition
• Non-existing object
• An unknown value

How is it represented in the memory?

In Java? None of your concern. And it's best kept that way.

Is null a good thing?

This is now borderline subjective. Some people say that null causes many programmer errors that could've been avoided. Some say that in a language that catches NullPointerException like Java, it's good to use it because you will fail-fast on programmer errors. Some people avoid null by using Null object pattern, etc.

This is a huge topic on its own, so it's best discussed as answer to another question.

I will end this with a quote from the inventor of null himself, C.A.R Hoare (of quicksort fame):

I call it my billion-dollar mistake. It was the invention of the null reference in 1965. At that time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object oriented language (ALGOL W). My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe, with checking performed automatically by the compiler. But I couldn't resist the temptation to put in a null reference, simply because it was so easy to implement. This has led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last forty years.

The video of this presentation goes deeper; it's a recommended watch.

The dilemma

If a variable with null value gets used in your program causing a NullPointerException, this is clearly a situation in your program which you did not expect. You must ask yourself the question: "Did I not expect it because I didn't take into consideration the possibility of a null value or did I assume the value could never be null here?"

If the answer is the latter, the problem isn't because you didn't handle the null value. The problem happened earlier, and you're only seeing the consequence of that error on the particular line it's used. In this case, simply adding a if (variable != null) isn't going to cut it. You'll wind up skipping lines you were supposed to execute because the variable was null, and you'll ultimately hit a line further on where you again assumed it wouldn't be null.

When null should be used

As a general rule, return null only when "absent" is a possible return value. In other words, your data layer may search for a record with a specific id. If that record isn't found, you can either throw an exception or simply return null. You may do either, but I prefer not to throw exceptions in situations where the strong possibility exists. So you return null instead of a value.

The caller of this method, presumably written by you, knows the possibility exists that the record may not exist and checks for null accordingly. There is nothing wrong with this in this case, though you should handle this possibility as soon as possible as otherwise everywhere in your program you will need to deal with the possibility of a null value.

Conclusion

In other words, treat null as a legitimate value, but deal with it immediately rather than wait. Ideally in your program, you should ever only have to check if it is null once in your program and only in the place where such a null value is handled.

For every value you expect to be non-null, you need not add a check. If it is null, accept that there is an error in your program when it was instantiated. In essence, favor fail fast over fail safe.

If null is a reasonable input parameter for your method, fix the method. If not, fix the caller. "Reasonable" is a flexible term, so I propose the following test: How should the method hande a null input? If you find more than one possible answer, then null is not a reasonable input.

Method 4 is best.

if(foo != null && foo.bar()) {
   someStuff();
}

will use short-circuit evaluation, meaning it ends if the first condition of a logical AND is false.