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Quora
quora.com › What-does-hat-q-mean-in-statistics
What does \hat{q} mean in statistics?
Example: if 60% of people have a black car then phat is .6, and qhat is 1-.6 = .4. qhat is the proportion that is not something (for the above example qhat is the proportion of people that do not have a black car).
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Qualityandinnovation
qualityandinnovation.com › 2014 › 11 › 22 › typing-x-bar-y-bar-p-hat-q-hat-and-all-that-2
Typing x-bar, y-bar, p-hat, q-hat, and all that! In Microsoft Word (& Excel) – Quality and Innovation
November 22, 2014 - UNTIL THIS MORNING when I really, really, really wanted to be able to use y-bar and p-hat in my paragraph, without having to do the even kludgier thing where you just call them “y-bar” and “p-hat” in the text. That doesn’t feel good. Even Arial Unicode MS, the behemoth of fonts (it even contains tons of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters) does not have essential statistical symbols.
Discussions

[Q] To hat or not to hat?
I vote for hatting it because I have always been taught and have always read that estimates gets a hat to distinguish from the actual value, unless they have their own symbol for a specific purpose (a bit like s being a sample estimate of sigma). Less important if you are writing up simple results (I would simply use Rho in that case), more important in textbooks or anything where you are using formulas to prove something or show something. Maybe someone disagrees, though. More on reddit.com
🌐 r/statistics
12
14
March 23, 2022
math mode - Really wide hat symbol - TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange
Is there any way to get a hat wider than widehat? Why doesn't \widehat{abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz} really go over all of it? More on tex.stackexchange.com
🌐 tex.stackexchange.com
March 2, 2013
[Q] Why do we use x̄ as the symbol for sample mean?
bar is generally used to denote means, but why because someone did it that way, presumably because it seemed like a good idea at the time, and then other people followed suit, as with almost any notational convention. m was often used for means of both distributions and of samples across a wide range of time; it's "re-invented" regularly. I always assumed the bar came from physics. The use of a bar over small x is discussed here: https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Miller/mathsym/stat/ (or see the older version of the page here http://www.math.hawaii.edu/~tom/history/stat.html ) ... scroll about 3/4 of the way down, to the section headed SYMBOLS IN STATISTICS and look at paragraph 2. It looks like it did indeed come from physics. Why are there competing conventions, anyways? Because people keep ignoring existing conventions in favor of ones they like for one reason or another (sometimes out of ignorance, sometimes with a pedagogical motive, sometimes to avoid a clash with some other convention, etc). Standards always multiply. Just recently (i.e. in the last few decades) it happened when ML people started adopting a lot of statistical methods and redefined all the terms and symbols (sometimes to match their own pre-existing terms, sometimes out of ignorance that there was already a good term/notation, sometimes for other reasons). Sadly, some of those conventions cause serious issues (like calling a regression coefficient a weight, leading to a serious clash when you need to talk about weighted regression). More on reddit.com
🌐 r/statistics
5
4
April 7, 2022
Does "bar" and "hat" mean the same thing?
As Nate said, bars are averages, hats are estimates. If the population mean is mu, and the samples are x_i, then you may reasonably refer to the sample mean either as mu-hat or as x-bar. NOT mu-bar (we aren't averaging a bunch of population means) nor as x-hat (we are observing xes not estimating them.) More on reddit.com
🌐 r/statistics
11
12
January 11, 2018
People also ask

How do I find p-hat?

To find p-hat (i.e., sample proportion), you need to follow the next steps:

  1. Take the number of occurrences of an event or the number of successful outcomes.
  2. Divide it by the sample size.
  3. That's all! You have calculated p-hat.
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omnicalculator.com
omnicalculator.com › statistics › p-hat
P-Hat Calculator
What is the meaning of p-hat?

P-hat coveys the sample proportion, the ratio of certain events or characteristics occurring in a sample to the sample size. It can equal or differ from population proportion, which conveys a proportion of a particular feature associated with a population.

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omnicalculator.com
omnicalculator.com › statistics › p-hat
P-Hat Calculator
What does it mean if p-hat equals 0.6 in a political poll?

If p-hat equals 0.6 in a political poll, 60% of voters from the sample support a particular event or a candidate. P-hat is the ratio of the number of occurrences of a particular event to the sample size and is often reported as a percentage in polls.

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omnicalculator.com
omnicalculator.com › statistics › p-hat
P-Hat Calculator
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Simple Book Publishing
pressbooks.lib.vt.edu › introstatistics › back-matter › mathematical-phrases-symbols-and-formulas
Mathematical Phrases, Symbols, and Formulas – Significant Statistics – beta (extended) version
January 11, 2021 - Significant Statistics: An Introduction ... majors. It focuses on the interpretation of statistical results, especially in real world settings, and assumes that students have an understanding of intermediate algebra....
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Omni Calculator
omnicalculator.com › statistics › p-hat
P-Hat Calculator
January 18, 2024 - Come along to get answers to some of the p-hat related questions, such as: ... What is the symbol for the p-hat? And more. The sample proportion or p-hat, denoted by the symbol p̂, is an essential value in inferential statistics that represents the ratio of the number of occurrences of a ...
Find elsewhere
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Reddit
reddit.com › r/statistics › [q] to hat or not to hat?
r/statistics on Reddit: [Q] To hat or not to hat?
March 23, 2022 -

I just had a discussion with a colleague regarding reporting of results from rank-order correlation using Spearman’s method, which yields ρ, or rho. Rho can be estimated from a bivariate association between two independent values measured in a sample. The sample is intended to represent the population it was sampled from - should or should not then the sample estimate be reported with a hat (ρ̂ )?

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Statistics LibreTexts
stats.libretexts.org › under construction › introductory statistics with google sheets (kesler) › 7: confidence intervals
7.3: A Population Proportion - Statistics LibreTexts
March 29, 2022 - The sample proportions $\hat p$ and $\hat q$ are calculated from the data: $\hat p$ is the estimated proportion of successes, and $\hat q$ is the estimated proportion of failures.
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CUNY
academicworks.cuny.edu › cgi › viewcontent.cgi pdf
Appendix 3: Common Statistical Symbols and Formulas
Σ (capital Greek letter Sigma). It means the operation of ... Stands for Decile. Deciles divide a distribution into ten ... Stands for Percentile. P75 or P75 means the 75th percentile. Percentiles divide a distribution into a hundred groups of ... Quartile) and Q4 (4th Quartile).
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Quizlet
quizlet.com › 559002106 › statistics-symbols-flash-cards
Statistics Symbols Flashcards | Quizlet
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like √, ππ, Q1Q1 and more.
Top answer
1 of 5
31

An alternative (and very simple) solution consists in using the package yhmath (which, as far as I was able to understand from its documentation, requires the amsmath package).

With such a package (i.e. the yhmath) a "really" wide hat can be obtained by simply using the very same command

\widehat{}

As a beginner in LaTeX, I find this other possibility a little bit more friendly.

2 of 5
68

The question wasn't "should it be done?" But, for the same reason men climb mountains, "could it be done?" The answer, with the scalerel package, is yes. Thus, we introduce \reallywidehat [EDITED to add phantom rule below argument, so that baseline of result matches baseline of original argument. RE-EDITED to \ensuremath on the \widthof calculation (thanks to Thruston)]

See also my answer at Serious problem with \widebar for a related approach.

NEW ANSWER WITH stackengine

This answer is an improvement because it handles vertical space much better than the earlier solution.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{scalerel,stackengine}
\stackMath
\newcommand\reallywidehat[1]{%
\savestack{\tmpbox}{\stretchto{%
  \scaleto{%
    \scalerel*[\widthof{\ensuremath{#1}}]{\kern-.6pt\bigwedge\kern-.6pt}%
    {\rule[-\textheight/2]{1ex}{\textheight}}%WIDTH-LIMITED BIG WEDGE
  }{\textheight}% 
}{0.5ex}}%
\stackon[1pt]{#1}{\tmpbox}%
}
\parskip 1ex
\begin{document}

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefghijklm}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefghijk}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefghi}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefg}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcde}$

$\reallywidehat{zbc}$

$\reallywidehat{zb}$

$x\cdot\reallywidehat{a_1+a_2}\cdot y$

\end{document}

ALTERNATE ANSWER USING \mathchar"0362 (the \widehat accent) RATHER THAN \bigwedge

EDITED to use \mathchar"0362 rather than the normal carat accent (\mathchar"305E)

A comment requested this alternate form, which is perhaps superior to the given form above.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{scalerel,stackengine}
\stackMath
\newcommand\reallywidehat[1]{%
\savestack{\tmpbox}{\stretchto{%
  \scaleto{%
    \scalerel*[\widthof{\ensuremath{#1}}]{\kern.1pt\mathchar"0362\kern.1pt}%
    {\rule{0ex}{\textheight}}%WIDTH-LIMITED CIRCUMFLEX
  }{\textheight}% 
}{2.4ex}}%
\stackon[-6.9pt]{#1}{\tmpbox}%
}
\parskip 1ex
\begin{document}

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefghijklm}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefghijk}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefghi}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefg}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcde}$

$\reallywidehat{zbc}$

$\reallywidehat{zb}$

$x\cdot\reallywidehat{a_1+a_2}\cdot y$

$\widehat{zb}$ is actual widehat

\end{document}

EARLIER ANSWER WITH array

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{scalerel}

\newcommand\reallywidehat[1]{\arraycolsep=0pt\relax%
\begin{array}{c}
\stretchto{
  \scaleto{
    \scalerel*[\widthof{\ensuremath{#1}}]{\kern-.5pt\bigwedge\kern-.5pt}
    {\rule[-\textheight/2]{1ex}{\textheight}} %WIDTH-LIMITED BIG WEDGE
  }{\textheight} % 
}{0.5ex}\\           % THIS SQUEEZES THE WEDGE TO 0.5ex HEIGHT
#1\\                 % THIS STACKS THE WEDGE ATOP THE ARGUMENT
\rule{-1ex}{0ex}
\end{array}
}

\begin{document}

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefghijklm}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefghijk}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefghi}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcdefg}$

$\reallywidehat{zbcde}$

$\reallywidehat{zbc}$

$\reallywidehat{zb}$

$x\cdot\reallywidehat{a_1+a_2}\cdot y$

\end{document}

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Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Normal_distribution
Normal distribution - Wikipedia
4 days ago - {\displaystyle {\hat {\mu }}={\overline ... {\hat {\sigma }}^{2})+1]} ... {\displaystyle \textstyle {\hat {\mu }}} is called the sample mean, since it is the arithmetic mean of all observations....
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Math Vault
mathvault.ca › home › higher math resource hub › foundation of higher mathematics › mathematical symbols › probability and statistics symbols
List of Probability and Statistics Symbols | Math Vault
April 11, 2025 - A comprehensive collection of the most common symbols in probability and statistics, categorized by function into charts and tables along with each symbol's term, meaning and example.
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BrownMath
brownmath.com › swt › symbol.htm
Stats without Tears Statistics Symbol Sheet
q = probability of failure on any one trial in binomial or geometric distribution, equal to (1−p) where p is the probability of success on any one trial.
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Stat Trek
stattrek.com › estimation › confidence-interval-proportion
Confidence Interval: Proportion
How to construct a confidence interval around a sample proportion. Includes sample problem with clear, step-by-step solution.
Published   January 31, 2025
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Richland College
people.richland.edu › james › lecture › m170 › ch08-pro.html
Stats: Estimating the Proportion
When you're computing E, I suggest that you find the sample proportion, p hat, and save it to P on the calculator. This way, you can find q as (1-p). Do NOT round the value for p hat and use the rounded value in the calculations. This will lead to error. Once you have computed E, I suggest ...
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Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Hat_notation
Hat notation - Wikipedia
October 8, 2025 - In statistics, a circumflex (ˆ), nicknamed a "hat", is used to denote an estimator or an estimated value. For example, in the context of errors and residuals, the "hat" over the letter ... {\displaystyle {\hat {\varepsilon }}} indicates an observable estimate (the residuals) of an unobservable ...
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Dhgate
smart.dhgate.com › home › mastering p-hat: a clear guide to understanding and calculating sample proportions
Mastering P-Hat: A Clear Guide to Understanding and Calculating Sample Proportions - Smart.DHgate – Trusted Buying Guides for Global Shoppers
September 13, 2025 - So, you’ve come across the term p-hat and wondered what all the fuss is about? Don’t worry—it’s not as complicated as it sounds. P-hat (written as p̂) is
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Statistics How To
statisticshowto.com › home › probability and statistics topics index › confidence interval: definition, examples
Confidence Interval: Definition, Examples - Statistics How To
June 26, 2025 - You should be familiar with looking up z-scores from previous sections on the normal distribution and P-hat is just dividing the number of events by the number of trials. Once you’ve figured those two items out, the rest is basic math. Example question: Calculate a 95% confidence interval for the true population proportion using the following data: Number of trials(n) = 160 Number of events (x) = 24