Your indentation is goofed, and you've mixed tabs and spaces. Run the script with python -tt to verify.
Your indentation is goofed, and you've mixed tabs and spaces. Run the script with python -tt to verify.
If you’re using python 3+ this may also occur if you’re using private variables that start with double underscore, e.g., self.__yourvariable. Just something to take note of for some of you who may run into this issue.
Hi all. Hoping someone is able to help me with an error I cannot get rid of. It's confusing me because I am learning Python from the "Python Cash Course" book and the code is copied directly from the book, yet keeps throwing an AttributeError, as seen here:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/home/andy/python_work/Data Viz/die_visual.py", line 7, in <module> result = die.roll() File "/home/andy/python_work/Data Viz/die.py", line 11, in roll return randint(1, self.num_sides) AttributeError: 'Die' object has no attribute 'num_sides'
The code in the file I am trying to run is:
from die import Die
die = Die() results = [] for roll_num in range(100): result = die.roll() results.append(result) print(results)
And my Die() class is:
from random import randint
class Die(): """A class representing a single die""" def int(self, num_sides=6): self.num_sides = num_sides
def roll(self): """Return a random number between 1 and number of sides""" return randint(1, self.num_sides)
The code is from the book, I have tried re-writing it and have searched online to see if I could figure out why the error was occuring, but I'm just not seeing the answer. Any help would be appreciated.
hello, i am working on a game using pygame and i am going for an OOP approach, the files are pretty big, i will post only a portion of the code; also i am using pycharm so i know for a fact my identation, typing are alright.. plus i have been coding in python for a while now but i just can't grasp onto this issue :(, so far in the game i am just in the main menu phase and whenever i try to run my code i get an error that my game object (which has a reference to another class including the main menu game loop) has no attribute ''screenWidth'' but it actually does have a variable for my screen.. i just use it in the main menu to set another midWidth variable half of that variable as value
here is the code:
main.py
from game import Game
myGame = Game()
while myGame.running:
myGame.currentMenu.drawMainMenu()
myGame.gameLoop()game.py
import pygame
from menu import MainMenu
class Game:
def __init__(self):
pygame.init()
self.running, self.playing = True, False
self.upKey, self.downKey, self.selectKey, self.backKey = False, False, False, False
self.currentMenu = MainMenu(self)
self.screenWidth = 1280
self.screenHeight = 720
self.gameWindow = pygame.display.set_mode((self.screenWidth, self.screenHeight))
pygame.display.set_caption("Game Prototype")
self.backgroundImage = pygame.image.load('Assets/Images/bg_greek.jpg')
self.backgroundImage = pygame.transform.scale(self.backgroundImage, (1920, 1080))
def gameLoop(self):
while self.playing:
self.checkEvents()
if self.selectKey:
self.playing = False
self.gameWindow.blit(self.backgroundImage, (-600, -300))
pygame.display.flip()
self.resetKeys()
menu.py
import pygame
class Menu:
def __init__(self, game):
self.gameClass = game
self.midWidth = self.gameClass.screenWidth / 2
self.midHeight = self.gameClass.screenHeight / 2
self.showMenu = True
self.selectionX, self.selectionY = 0, 0
def drawSelection(self):
selectSurface = pygame.Surface((260, 100), pygame.SRCALPHA)
selectSurface.fill((50, 50, 50, 175))
selectRect = selectSurface.get_rect()
selectRect.center = (self.selectionX, self.selectionY)
self.gameClass.gameWindow.blit(selectSurface, selectRect)
class MainMenu(Menu):
def __init__(self, game):
Menu.__init__(self, game)
self.hoveredState = "Start"
self.startX, self.startY = self.midWidth, self.midHeight
self.optionsX, self.optionsY = self.midWidth, self.midHeight + 100
self.creditsX, self.creditsY = self.midWidth, self.midHeight + 200
self.quitX, self.quitY = self.midWidth, self.midHeight + 300
self.selectionX, self.selectionY = self.startX, self.startY
def drawMainMenu(self):
self.showMenu = True
while self.showMenu:
self.gameClass.checkEvents()
self.checkInput()
self.gameClass.gameWindow.blit(self.gameClass.backgroundImage, (-600, -300))
self.drawSelection()
self.gameClass.drawText("Play", 72, self.startX, self.startY)
self.gameClass.drawText("Options", 72, self.optionsX, self.optionsY)
self.gameClass.drawText("Credits", 72, self.creditsX, self.creditsY)
self.gameClass.drawText("Quit", 72, self.quitX, self.quitY)
pygame.display.flip()
self.gameClass.resetKeys()
it is not complete though
In short:
from nltk import precision
In long:
This is tricky. The issue occurred because of how NLTK was packaged. If we look at dir(nltk.metrics), there's nothing inside it, other than alignment_error_rate
>>> import nltk
>>> dir(nltk.metrics)
['__builtins__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__name__', '__package__', 'alignment_error_rate']
BTW, in the bleeding edge version of NLTK, alignment_error_rate has been moved to nltk.translate.metrics, see https://github.com/nltk/nltk/blob/develop/nltk/translate/metrics.py#L10 . The nltk.translate package is a little unstable because it's still under-development.
Going back to the metrics package, from https://github.com/nltk/nltk/blob/develop/nltk/metrics/__init__.py, we see this:
from nltk.metrics.scores import (accuracy, precision, recall, f_measure,
log_likelihood, approxrand)
from nltk.metrics.confusionmatrix import ConfusionMatrix
from nltk.metrics.distance import (edit_distance, binary_distance,
jaccard_distance, masi_distance,
interval_distance, custom_distance,
presence, fractional_presence)
from nltk.metrics.paice import Paice
from nltk.metrics.segmentation import windowdiff, ghd, pk
from nltk.metrics.agreement import AnnotationTask
from nltk.metrics.association import (NgramAssocMeasures, BigramAssocMeasures,
TrigramAssocMeasures, ContingencyMeasures)
from nltk.metrics.spearman import (spearman_correlation, ranks_from_sequence,
ranks_from_scores)
basically, this means that the functions from the metrics package has been manually coded and pushed up to nltk.metrics.__init__.py. So if the imports stop here, dir(metrics), would have listed all the metrics imported here.
But because on the higher level, at nltk.__init__.py https://github.com/nltk/nltk/blob/develop/nltk/__init__.py#L131, the packages was imported using:
from nltk.metrics import *
Now all metrics score has been imported to the top level meaning you can do:
>>> from nltk import precision
>>> from nltk import spearman_correlation
>>> from nltk import NgramAssocMeasures
But you can still access any intermediate level modules that are within nltk.metrics that are not imported in nltk.metrics.__init__.py. But you have to use the correct namespaces as how the functions are saved in their respective directory. Note that these will not show in dir(nltk.metrics) but are valid ways to import a function:
>>> from nltk.metrics import spearman
>>> from nltk.metrics import paice
>>> from nltk.metrics import scores
<function precision at 0x7fb584a34938>
>>> scores.precision
>>> spearman.spearman_correlation
<function spearman_correlation at 0x7fb5842b3230>
>>> from nltk.metrics.scores import precision
>>> precision
<function precision at 0x7fb584a34938>
Replace import of nltk.metrics by this :
from nltk.metrics import *
Now call precision or scores or recall directly.