Not a comprehensive list, but this should get you started. Some of them are REST API endpoints.

Cloud Services/Virtual Machines: *.cloudapp.net

Azure Websites: *.azurewebsites.net

Blob Storage: *.blob.core.windows.net

Table Storage: *.table.core.windows.net

Queue Service: *.queue.core.windows.net

SQL Database: *.database.windows.net

Access Control Service: *.accesscontrol.windows.net

Service Bus: *.servicebus.windows.net

Azure Active Directory: graph.windows.net/*

Please feel free to edit the answer and add more services.

From kwill:

File Service: *.file.core.windows.net

Mobile Services: *.azure-mobile.net

Media Services: *.origin.mediaservices.windows.net

Visual Studio Online: *.visualstudio.com

BizTalk Services: *.biztalk.windows.net

CDN: *.vo.msecnd.net

API Management: *.azure-api.net

Traffic Manager: *.trafficmanager.net

Active Directory: *.onmicrosoft.com

Management Services: *.management.core.windows.net

• To get the custom domains for all the web apps in the Subscription

$webApp = Get-AzWebApp
$hostName = $webApp.HostNames 
# or get all enabled hostnames using $hostName = $webApp.enabledHostNames 
Write-Host $hostName

• To get the custom domains in the selected Resource Group

$webApp = Get-AzWebApp -ResourceGroupName YourResourceGroupName 
$hostName = $webApp.HostNames
Write-Host $hostName

• To get the custom domains for the selected web apps

$webApp = Get-AzWebApp -ResourceGroupName YourResourceGroupName -Name WebAppName
$hostName = $webApp.HostNames
Write-Host $hostName