Answer

Let's break it down into pieces. Especially the pieces you got wrong. :)

Assignment

outfile=ReadsAgain.txt

It should come to little surprise that you need to put quotes around strings. On the other hand, you have the luxury of putting spaces around the = for readability.

outfilename = "ReadsAgain.txt"

Variable expansion → str.format (or, the % operation)

python reads.py <snip/> -q$queries <snip/>

So you know how to do the redirection already, but how do you do the variable expansion? You can use the format method (v2.6+):

command = "python reads.py -r1 -pquery1.sql -q{0} -shotelspec -k6 -a5".format(queries)

You can alternatively use the % operator:

#since queries is a number, use %d as a placeholder
command = "python reads.py -r1 -pquery1.sql -q%d -shotelspec -k6 -a5" % queries

C-style loop → Object-oriented-style loop

for ((r = 1; r < ($runs + 1); r++)) do done

Looping in Python is different from C-style iteration. What happens in Python is you iterate over an iterable object, like for example a list. Here, you are trying to do something runs times, so you would do this:

for r in range(runs):
  #loop body here

range(runs) is equivalent to [0,1,...,runs-1], a list of runs = 5 integer elements. So you'll be repeating the body runs times. At every cicle, r is assigned the next item of the list. This is thus completely equivalent to what you are doing in Bash.

If you're feeling daring, use xrange instead. It's completely equivalent but uses more advanced language features (so it is harder to explain in layman's terms) but consumes less resources.

Output redirection → the subprocess module

The "tougher" part, if you will: executing a program and getting its output. Google to the rescue! Obviously, the top hit is a stackoverflow question: this one. You can hide all the complexity behind it with a simple function:

import subprocess, shlex
def get_output_of(command):
  args = shlex.split(command)
  return subprocess.Popen(args,
                          stdout=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()[0]
  # this only returns stdout

So:

python reads.py -r1 -pquery1.sql -q$queries -shotelspec -k6 -a5 >> $outfile

becomes:

command = "python reads.py -r1 -pquery1.sql -q%s -shotelspec -k6 -a5" % queries
read_result = get_output_of(command)

Don't over-subprocess, batteries are included

Optionally, consider that you can get pretty much the same output of date with the following:

import time
time_now = time.strftime("%c", time.localtime()) # Sat May 15 15:42:47 2010

(Note the absence of the time zone information. This should be the subject of another question, if it is important to you.)

How your program should look like

The final result should then look like this:

import subprocess, shlex, time
def get_output_of(command):
  #... body of get_output_of
#... more functions ...
if __name__ = "__main__":
  #only execute the following if you are calling this .py file directly,
  #and not, say, importing it
  #... initialization ...
  with file("outputfile.txt", "a") as output_file: #alternative way to open files, v2.5+
    #... write date and other stuff ...
    for r in range(runs):
      #... loop body here ...

Post scriptum

That must look pretty horrible when compared to the relatively simple and short Bash script, right? Python is not a specialized language: it aims to do everything reasonably well, but isn't built directly for running programs and getting the output of those.

Still, you wouldn't normally write a database engine in Bash, right? It's different tools for different jobs. Here, unless you're planning to make some changes that would be non-trivial to write with that language, [Ba]sh was definitely the right choice.

import os

for i in range(1, 50):
    env_var = os.environ[f'{i}nl']
    os.system(f"ssh BF-c{env_var} 'hostname; free -h; uname -a;'")

Python3.6 >

    env_var = os.environ[str(i) + 'nl']
    os.system("ssh BF-c{} 'hostname; free -h; uname -a;'".format(env_var))