To start with, this is wrong:

String base64Encoded = new String(imgData, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);

The image bytes you have do not represent UTF-8 encoded text, so it makes no sense to create a String out of the bytes, pretending that this is UTF-8 encoded text.

If you are using Java 8, then use the Base64 class available in the standard library:

import java.util.Base64;

// ...

byte[] imgData = (byte[]) base64.get("images");

String base64Encoded = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString(imgData);

If you are not using Java 8, you can use a third-party library, for example Apache Commons Codec, which includes classes for Base64 encoding and decoding.

Java 8+

Encode or decode byte arrays:

byte[] encoded = Base64.getEncoder().encode("Hello".getBytes());
println(new String(encoded));   // Outputs "SGVsbG8="

byte[] decoded = Base64.getDecoder().decode(encoded);
println(new String(decoded))    // Outputs "Hello"

Or if you just want the strings:

String encoded = Base64.getEncoder().encodeToString("Hello".getBytes());
println(encoded);   // Outputs "SGVsbG8="

String decoded = new String(Base64.getDecoder().decode(encoded.getBytes()));
println(decoded)    // Outputs "Hello"

For more info, see Base64.

Java < 8

Base64 is not bundled with Java versions less than 8. I recommend using Apache Commons Codec.

For direct byte arrays:

Base64 codec = new Base64();
byte[] encoded = codec.encode("Hello".getBytes());
println(new String(encoded));   // Outputs "SGVsbG8="

byte[] decoded = codec.decode(encoded);
println(new String(decoded))    // Outputs "Hello"

Or if you just want the strings:

Base64 codec = new Base64();
String encoded = codec.encodeBase64String("Hello".getBytes());
println(encoded);   // Outputs "SGVsbG8="

String decoded = new String(codec.decodeBase64(encoded));
println(decoded)    // Outputs "Hello"

Android (with Java < 8)

If you are using the Android SDK before Java 8 then your best option is to use the bundled android.util.Base64.

For direct byte arrays:

byte[] encoded = Base64.encode("Hello".getBytes());
println(new String(encoded))    // Outputs "SGVsbG8="

byte [] decoded = Base64.decode(encoded);
println(new String(decoded))    // Outputs "Hello"

Or if you just want the strings:

String encoded = Base64.encodeToString("Hello".getBytes());
println(encoded);   // Outputs "SGVsbG8="

String decoded = new String(Base64.decode(encoded));
println(decoded)    // Outputs "Hello"

Other: Spring < 6.0.5

If for some reason Java's Base64 isn't suitable and you use Spring, see Base64Utils. This package, however, is deprecated as of 6.0.5 and so I don't recommend.

JavaScript, 177 187 198 characters

function(d){c="";for(a=e=b=0;a<4*d.length/3;f=b>>2*(++a&3)&63,c+=String.fromCharCode(f+71-(f<26?6:f<52?0:f<62?75:f^63?90:87)))a&3^3&&(b=b<<8^d[e++]);for(;a++&3;)c+="=";return c}

For adding linebreaks, \r\n, after each 76th character, add 23 characters to the code:

function(d){c="";for(a=e=b=0;a<4*d.length/3;f=b>>2*(++a&3)&63,c+=String.fromCharCode(f+71-(f<26?6:f<52?0:f<62?75:f^63?90:87))+(75==(a-1)%76?"\r\n":""))a&3^3&&(b=b<<8^d[e++]);for(;a++&3;)c+="=";return c}

Demo code:

var encode = function(d,a,e,b,c,f){c="";for(a=e=b=0;a<4*d.length/3;f=b>>2*(++a&3)&63,c+=String.fromCharCode(f+71-(f<26?6:f<52?0:f<62?75:f^63?90:87))+(75==(a-1)%76?"\r\n":""))a&3^3&&(b=b<<8^d[e++]);for(;a++&3;)c+="=";return c};

//OP test case
console.log(encode([99, 97, 102, 195, 169])); // outputs "Y2Fmw6k=".

//Quote from Hobbes' Leviathan:
console.log(
 encode(
  ("Man is distinguished, not only by his reason, but by this singular passion from " +
   "other animals, which is a lust of the mind, that by a perseverance of delight " +
   "in the continued and indefatigable generation of knowledge, exceeds the short " +
   "vehemence of any carnal pleasure.")
  .split('').map(function(i){return i.charCodeAt(0)})
 )
);

The reason the encoded array is longer by about a quarter is that base-64 encoding uses only six bits out of every byte; that is its reason of existence - to encode arbitrary data, possibly with zeros and other non-printable characters, in a way suitable for exchange through ASCII-only channels, such as e-mail.

The way you get your original array back is by using Convert.FromBase64String:

 byte[] temp_backToBytes = Convert.FromBase64String(temp_inBase64);