You can view full list of supported chrome: URLs on chrome://chrome-urls page. Note that the lists are different for the Android and desktop versions. In particular, there is no chrome://settings in Android version because there the settings are implemented using native OS forms.

Chrome does not appear to export that activity, so it cannot be started by third-party apps.

Even if they did, that behavior could easily vary from version to version of Chrome for Android. Google does not document or support access to such activities from any of their commercial apps, let alone Chrome.

Based on the screenshot you provided, I think you are using the Google app instead of the Chrome app.

The Google app provides news and access to Google search results that open in a browser. The Google app is not a browser. If you click a search result in the Google app, it will open in a webview (which is just a browser being used to display webpages in other apps).[*]

The Chrome app is a browser (just like Chrome on your computer) with the default search engine of Chrome being Google, though you can change the default search engine.

The Chrome app can be uninstalled, while the Google app can't. If you accidentally uninstalled Chrome, you can install Chrome again, or install a different browser from the Play Store.

[*] The Google app uses a Chrome webview. If you ever want the app to use a different browser, you must change your default browser and turn off "Open web pages in the app".

URL protocols exist in the registry as sub-keys to HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT.

For the poster, the key was HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\miroapp. Deleting the key has solved the problem and Chrome no longer ask to open these URLs in the desktop app instead of Chrome itself.

You cannot invoke Android Settings from web unless you have app which handle custom uri scheme.

to invoke application in android from Webpage there needs to be app which handles call from particular Uri Scheme in android app on android device.

you can create android app which handle custom uri scheme like below for activity to be invoked when url is visited in browser.

<activity android:name=".MyUriActivity">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.BROWSABLE" />
        <data android:scheme="myapp" android:host="path" />
    </intent-filter>
</activity>

myapp://opensettings

if application is exist on android device which handle above uri scheme then you can call setting dialog from your android app after user redirect to myapp://opensettings url in browser.