You can compile C code using only the standard library, and it will work on every platform and with every Python version (assuming you actually have a C compiler available). Check out the distutils.ccompiler module which Python uses to compile C extension modules. A simple example:

// main.c

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    printf("Hello world!\n");
    return(0);
}

Compilation script:

# build.py
from distutils.ccompiler import new_compiler

if __name__ == '__main__':
    compiler = new_compiler()
    compiler.compile(['main.c'])
    compiler.link_executable(['main.o'], 'main')

Everything else (include paths, library paths, custom flags or link args or macros) can be passed via various configuration options. Check out the above link to the module documentation for more info.

There is no such thing as a C script. If you meant a C program you need to compile spa.c and spa.h into an executable before running it.

If you use GCC in Linux or Mac OS X:

$ gcc -Wall spa.c -o spa

Will get you an executable named spa.

After that, you can run spa program from your Python script with:

from subprocess import call
call(["./spa", "args", "to", "spa"])

You didn't read quite far enough. The documentation here shows how to tell the compiler where python headers and libraries are located.

Based on this, try

gcc `/opt/bin/python3.3-config --cflags` modwithpy.c -o mod \
  `/opt/bin/python3.3-config --ldlags`

If your python installed scripts in a different place, you will have to change the /opt/bin to the place where ...-config is really located. From your whereis trace, it could be /usr/bin.

Your C code should be compiled into a shared library:

gcc -shared -o program.so -Wall -Wextra -fPIC -O2 -DNDEBUG program.c

And then you can use ctypes module to invoke functions in your library from Python.

As somebody else already pointed out, to run C/C++ code from "within" Python, you'd have to write said C/C++ code into an own file, compile it correctly, and then execute that program from your Python code.

You can't just type one command, compile it, and execute it. You always have to have the whole "framework" set up. You can't compile a program when you haven't yet written the } that ends the class/function/statement 20 lines later on. At this point you'd already have to write the whole C/C++ program for it to work. It's simply not meant to be interpreted on the run, line by line. You can do that with python, bash/dash/batch, and a few others. But C/C++ definitely isn't one of them.

With those come several issues. Firstly, the C/C++ part probably needs data from the Python part. I don't know of any way of doing it in RAM alone (maybe there is one, but I don't know), so the Python part would have to write it into a file, the C/C++ part would read and process it, then put the processed data into another file, and then the Python part would have to read that and continue.

Which brings another point up. Here we're already getting into multi-threading territory, because the moment you execute that C/C++ program you're dealing with a second thread. So, somehow, you'd have to coordinate those programs so that the Python part only continues once the C/C++ part is done. Shouldn't be a huge problem to get running, but it can be a nightmare to performance and RAM if done wrongly.

Without knowing to what extent you use that program, I also like to add that C/C++ isn't platform-independent like Python. You'll have to compile that program for every single different OS that you run it on. That may come with minor changes to the code and in general just a lot of work because you have to debug and test it for every single system.

To sum up, I think it may be better to find another solution. I don't know why you'd want to run this specific part in C/C++, but I'd recommend trying to get it done in one language. If there's absolutely no way you can get it done in Python (which I doubt, there's libraries for almost everything), you should get your Python to C/C++ instead.

I want to invoke those C function or executables in python. Is that possible.

Yes, you can write C code that can be imported into Python as a module. Python calls these extension modules. You can invoke it from Python directly, an example from the documentation:

Python Code

import example
result = example.do_something()

C Code

static PyObject * example(PyObject *self)
{
    // do something
    return Py_BuildValue("i", result);
}

If I want the C code to be a library, which means I use it with #include and linkage of the *.o likely in python, how to do it or is that possible.

You build it as a shared library *.dll or *.so You can also investigate using distutils to distribute your module.

If I write the C code into executable, which means it becomes a command, can I invoke it in python directly?

If you write a *.exe then you are doing the opposite (invoking Python from C). The method you choose (exe vs shared library) depends on if you want a "C program with some Python" or a "Python program with some C".

Also, I heard that python code can be compiled, does that mean we can execute the code without the source file? Are the output files binary files? Does it improve performance?

Python reads *.py files and compiles to *.pyc bytecode files when you run it. The bytecode is then run in the Python virtual machine. This means "executing the same file is faster the second time as recompilation from source to bytecode can be avoided." (from the Python glossary) So if you haven't edited your *.py files, it will run the *.pyc. You can distribute *.pyc files without *.py files, however they are not encrypted and can be reverse-engineered.