devtoolset is called gcc-toolset in RHEL8.

The following commands worked for me:

microdnf install -y gcc-toolset-12
scl enable gcc-toolset-12 bash
gcc --version
# gcc (GCC) 12.1.1 20220628 (Red Hat 12.1.1-3)

The scl enable ... command creates a new shell; you've probably ended up with several nested layers of shells if you've been testing this. If you exit, you'll probably see the gcc --version output from the base system. See how deeply-nested you are with something like pstree -s $$.

To run gcc --version with scl, just put the command on the scl line:

 scl enable devtoolset-9 'gcc --version'

Reference: The Red Hat Developer Toolset 9 User Guide (pdf).

This issue in this case is RedHat subscription channels. Though the subscription and software are free (provided you have an active subscription already), for some reason you have to make a 'special request' to RedHat as per:

https://access.redhat.com/solutions/472793

You can automate this by visiting:

https://www.redhat.com/wapps/try/RHSCL

(when logged into the support portal). This should automatically be approved after which you can attach a new subscription. Identify the pool id using:

subscription-manager list --available --all

To find the pool id:

 Subscription Name:   Software Collections and Developer Toolset
 Provides:            Red Hat Developer Tools (for RHEL Server)
                      Red Hat Developer Tools Beta (for RHEL Workstation)
                      Red Hat Software Collections Beta (for RHEL Server)
                      Red Hat Software Collections Beta (for RHEL Workstation)
                      Red Hat Software Collections (for RHEL Server)
                      Red Hat Developer Tools Beta (for RHEL Server)
                      Red Hat Developer Toolset (for RHEL Workstation)
                      Red Hat Software Collections Beta (for RHEL Client)
                      Red Hat Software Collections (for RHEL Workstation)
                      Red Hat Developer Toolset (for RHEL Server)
                      Red Hat Developer Tools (for RHEL Workstation)
                      Red Hat Software Collections (for RHEL Client) 
SKU:                 foobar 
Contract:            1234 Pool ID: XXXXXXXXXX

Then attach this and enable the newly available repos:

>subscription-manager attach --pool=XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Successfully attached a subscription for: Software Collections and Developer Toolset
>subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-workstation-rhscl-7-rpms
Repository 'rhel-workstation-rhscl-7-rpms' is enabled for this system.
>subscription-manager repos --enable rhel-7-workstation-devtools-rpms
Repository 'rhel-7-workstation-devtools-rpms' is enabled for this system.

You can now install freely:

>yum update -y 
>yum install -y devtoolset-7-gcc-c++

Quite why they make you jump through so many hoops is explained by RedHat as follows:

-If you have a 2013 RHEL SKU with Standard or Premium service level, there should be no action on your part, and your subscription should have full access to RHSCL.

-If you have a 2010 or older RHEL SKU with Standard or Premium service level, you should contact Red Hat Customer Service to request the RHSCL SKU (and all related content) added to your account.

NOTE: Developer Toolset is now included as part of Red Hat Software Collections. This change was made on May 29, 2014.

As you had Red Hat Enterprise Linux Workstation, Standard subscription which is older RHEL SKU with Standard service level, you had to initiate a special request for it