Hello, I'm a Reddit bot who's here to help people nicely format their coding questions. This makes it as easy as possible for people to read your post and help you. I think I have detected some formatting issues with your submission: Python code found in submission text that's not formatted as code. If I am correct, please edit the text in your post and try to follow these instructions to fix up your post's formatting. Am I misbehaving? Have a comment or suggestion? Reply to this comment or raise an issue here . More on reddit.com

First find what loop you need. If the number of iterations is known beforehand then for. If not known then while. Then find how to draw a random number. Test in the python interpreter. Then find how to use the input function. Test in tje python interpreter. Brick by brick you will build you way ;) More on reddit.com

It's nothing more than a loop that keeps running as long as the condition you give it evaluates to True. If you do while True, you get an infinite loop. If you do white x > 3, you get a loop that keeps repeating as long as the value of x is greater than 3. If you do while someFunction(), you get a loop that keeps repeating as long as someFunction() returns True. If you do while False, it never runs anything at all. This code; x = 3 while x != 0: print(x) x -= 1 print("Done!") Basically performs these steps; Set x to 3 x is not 0, so run the loop once Print x, then decrement it by 1. x is now 2 x is still not 0, so run the loop again Print x, then decrement it by 1. x is now 1 x is still not 0, so the loop runs a 3rd time Print x, then decrement it by 1. x is now 0. x is now 0, so the while loop's condition now evaluates to False and the loop will not run again. Print "Done!" More on reddit.com

In general, recall the while loop syntax. while : Conceptually, coding aside, consider filling a glass of water. Is there space for more water in the glass? Okay, then pour some. Without going in detail of how this funky glass object is defined, hopefully the following makes sense as a python analog of that process. while glass.has_space(): #we're still filling the glass glass.add_water() #glass is now full of water Without writing out how this glass object works, let's say it has another method for returning a boolean (True/False) for whether or not it is currently full, instead of the previous example of whether or not it had space for more water. We can fill the glass in the same way, but we have to negate that statement using the not operator while not glass.is_full(): #we're still filling the glass glass.add_water() #glass is now full of water Going back to the initial syntax, which is still the same, the only thing we've done is changing the condition statement of the loop. Instead of checking that glass.has_space() evaluates to True, we are now checking that the expression not glass.is_full() evaluates to True. That is the same statement as evaluating that glass.is_full() evaluates to False, because the only thing the not operator does to a boolean is negating it, i.e. True becomes False and vice versa. Now looking at your code linked, the condition for looping is that not sequenceCorrect evaluates to True, which is equivalent to the statement that sequenceCorrect is False. I won't paste the code here, but we see on line 3 that sequenceCorrect starts its life being False, so upon entering the while loop we do indeed step into that block of code because at that time not sequenceCorrect is in fact True. Then the first thing we do on line 5 is reassign it to True. If the remaining lines don't change it back to False, this will stop the while loop from repeating, since in this current state not sequenceCorrect evaluates to False. So you can say that line 5 is defaulting the loop to not going to be repeated. The only way for the loop to be repeated is for lines 6-8 with the nested for loop and if statement to find some character in dna that is not in "actgn", upon which sequenceCorrect will be assigned to False and thus the statement in the while loop not sequenceCorrect would evaluate to True and thus the loop would repeat itself once more. Personally, I think this is just a pretty unclear way to achieve the goal of checking the validity of that input string. I would have defined it another way, but I can't see anything wrong with it really. If the not operation in the while loop statement is bothering you, you could equally have rewritten the code with a variable for instance named sequenceIncorrect and just flipped all assignments i.e. True's become False's and vice versa. More on reddit.com