It's quite typical of GoDaddy to have a low introductory offer for the first year. But the "renewal" costs are hard to find. This is, unfortunately, quite common practise, but not necessarily "standard". It relies on the fact that most users probably don't change the registrar. But this domain might have been heavily discounted in the first year. Personally, I avoid registrars/hosts that are not upfront with their costs and prefer registrars have the same registration/renewal costs.

if so, is there anyway I can change my registrar while keeping the same domain name for cheaper rates?

Yes, you can change registrar at "any time". Providing you're not too close to renewal and they've already taken payment! It can also take several days to transfer the domain - but that doesn't necessarily mean any down time.

There might also be restrictions on transferring a domain too soon after registration. eg. in the first 3 months.

Also, some registrars might charge an additional "admin" fee for transferring away. Need to check their T&Cs. Again, I would avoid any registrar that imposes additional fees like this, most do not. (I don't think GoDaddy does.)

And, as mentioned in comments, be wary of any scam emails (that have plucked your details from the WhoIs database) trying to get you to "renew" with them, rather than your real registrar.