As the OP states, there are two parts (and probably also a third part):
Use PIL to generate images from fonts.
Use an image analysis toolkit, like OpenCV (which has Python bindings) to compare different shapes. There are a variety of standard techniques to compare different objects to see whether they're similar. For example, scale invariant moments work fairly well and are part of the OpenCv toolkit.
Most of the standard tools in #2 are designed to look for similar but not necessarily identical shapes, but for font comparison this might not be what you want, since the differences between fonts can be based on very fine details. For fine-detail analysis, try comparing the x and y profiles of a perimeter path around the each letter, appropriately normalized, of course. (This, or a more mathematically complicated variant of it, has been used with good success in font analysis.)
As the OP states, there are two parts (and probably also a third part):
Use PIL to generate images from fonts.
Use an image analysis toolkit, like OpenCV (which has Python bindings) to compare different shapes. There are a variety of standard techniques to compare different objects to see whether they're similar. For example, scale invariant moments work fairly well and are part of the OpenCv toolkit.
Most of the standard tools in #2 are designed to look for similar but not necessarily identical shapes, but for font comparison this might not be what you want, since the differences between fonts can be based on very fine details. For fine-detail analysis, try comparing the x and y profiles of a perimeter path around the each letter, appropriately normalized, of course. (This, or a more mathematically complicated variant of it, has been used with good success in font analysis.)
This question is a little old, so here goes an updated answer.
You should take a look into this paper DeepFont: Identify Your Font from An Image. Basically it's a neural network trained on tons of images. It was presented commercially in this video.
Unfortunately, there is no code available. However, there is an independent implementation available here. You'll need to train it yourself, since weights are not provided, but the code is really easy to follow. In addition to this, consider that this implementation is only for a few fonts.
There is also a link to the dataset and a repo to generate more data.
Hope it helps.