The better practice is to use for-each. Besides violating the Keep It Simple, Stupid principle, the new-fangled forEach() has at least the following deficiencies:

  • Can't use non-final variables. So, code like the following can't be turned into a forEach lambda:
Object prev = null;
for(Object curr : list)
{
    if( prev != null )
        foo(prev, curr);
    prev = curr;
}
  • Can't handle checked exceptions. Lambdas aren't actually forbidden from throwing checked exceptions, but common functional interfaces like Consumer don't declare any. Therefore, any code that throws checked exceptions must wrap them in try-catch or Throwables.propagate(). But even if you do that, it's not always clear what happens to the thrown exception. It could get swallowed somewhere in the guts of forEach()

  • Limited flow-control. A return in a lambda equals a continue in a for-each, but there is no equivalent to a break. It's also difficult to do things like return values, short circuit, or set flags (which would have alleviated things a bit, if it wasn't a violation of the no non-final variables rule). "This is not just an optimization, but critical when you consider that some sequences (like reading the lines in a file) may have side-effects, or you may have an infinite sequence."

  • Might execute in parallel, which is a horrible, horrible thing for all but the 0.1% of your code that needs to be optimized. Any parallel code has to be thought through (even if it doesn't use locks, volatiles, and other particularly nasty aspects of traditional multi-threaded execution). Any bug will be tough to find.

  • Might hurt performance, because the JIT can't optimize forEach()+lambda to the same extent as plain loops, especially now that lambdas are new. By "optimization" I do not mean the overhead of calling lambdas (which is small), but to the sophisticated analysis and transformation that the modern JIT compiler performs on running code.

  • If you do need parallelism, it is probably much faster and not much more difficult to use an ExecutorService. Streams are both automagical (read: don't know much about your problem) and use a specialized (read: inefficient for the general case) parallelization strategy (fork-join recursive decomposition).

  • Makes debugging more confusing, because of the nested call hierarchy and, god forbid, parallel execution. The debugger may have issues displaying variables from the surrounding code, and things like step-through may not work as expected.

  • Streams in general are more difficult to code, read, and debug. Actually, this is true of complex "fluent" APIs in general. The combination of complex single statements, heavy use of generics, and lack of intermediate variables conspire to produce confusing error messages and frustrate debugging. Instead of "this method doesn't have an overload for type X" you get an error message closer to "somewhere you messed up the types, but we don't know where or how." Similarly, you can't step through and examine things in a debugger as easily as when the code is broken into multiple statements, and intermediate values are saved to variables. Finally, reading the code and understanding the types and behavior at each stage of execution may be non-trivial.

  • Sticks out like a sore thumb. The Java language already has the for-each statement. Why replace it with a function call? Why encourage hiding side-effects somewhere in expressions? Why encourage unwieldy one-liners? Mixing regular for-each and new forEach willy-nilly is bad style. Code should speak in idioms (patterns that are quick to comprehend due to their repetition), and the fewer idioms are used the clearer the code is and less time is spent deciding which idiom to use (a big time-drain for perfectionists like myself!).

As you can see, I'm not a big fan of the forEach() except in cases when it makes sense.

Particularly offensive to me is the fact that Stream does not implement Iterable (despite actually having method iterator) and cannot be used in a for-each, only with a forEach(). I recommend casting Streams into Iterables with (Iterable<T>)stream::iterator. A better alternative is to use StreamEx which fixes a number of Stream API problems, including implementing Iterable.

That said, forEach() is useful for the following:

  • Atomically iterating over a synchronized list. Prior to this, a list generated with Collections.synchronizedList() was atomic with respect to things like get or set, but was not thread-safe when iterating.

  • Parallel execution (using an appropriate parallel stream). This saves you a few lines of code vs using an ExecutorService, if your problem matches the performance assumptions built into Streams and Spliterators.

  • Specific containers which, like the synchronized list, benefit from being in control of iteration (although this is largely theoretical unless people can bring up more examples)

  • Calling a single function more cleanly by using forEach() and a method reference argument (ie, list.forEach (obj::someMethod)). However, keep in mind the points on checked exceptions, more difficult debugging, and reducing the number of idioms you use when writing code.

Articles I used for reference:

  • Everything about Java 8
  • Iteration Inside and Out (as pointed out by another poster)

EDIT: Looks like some of the original proposals for lambdas (such as http://www.javac.info/closures-v06a.html Google Cache) solved some of the issues I mentioned (while adding their own complications, of course).

Answer from Aleksandr Dubinsky on Stack Overflow
Top answer
1 of 8
654

The better practice is to use for-each. Besides violating the Keep It Simple, Stupid principle, the new-fangled forEach() has at least the following deficiencies:

  • Can't use non-final variables. So, code like the following can't be turned into a forEach lambda:
Object prev = null;
for(Object curr : list)
{
    if( prev != null )
        foo(prev, curr);
    prev = curr;
}
  • Can't handle checked exceptions. Lambdas aren't actually forbidden from throwing checked exceptions, but common functional interfaces like Consumer don't declare any. Therefore, any code that throws checked exceptions must wrap them in try-catch or Throwables.propagate(). But even if you do that, it's not always clear what happens to the thrown exception. It could get swallowed somewhere in the guts of forEach()

  • Limited flow-control. A return in a lambda equals a continue in a for-each, but there is no equivalent to a break. It's also difficult to do things like return values, short circuit, or set flags (which would have alleviated things a bit, if it wasn't a violation of the no non-final variables rule). "This is not just an optimization, but critical when you consider that some sequences (like reading the lines in a file) may have side-effects, or you may have an infinite sequence."

  • Might execute in parallel, which is a horrible, horrible thing for all but the 0.1% of your code that needs to be optimized. Any parallel code has to be thought through (even if it doesn't use locks, volatiles, and other particularly nasty aspects of traditional multi-threaded execution). Any bug will be tough to find.

  • Might hurt performance, because the JIT can't optimize forEach()+lambda to the same extent as plain loops, especially now that lambdas are new. By "optimization" I do not mean the overhead of calling lambdas (which is small), but to the sophisticated analysis and transformation that the modern JIT compiler performs on running code.

  • If you do need parallelism, it is probably much faster and not much more difficult to use an ExecutorService. Streams are both automagical (read: don't know much about your problem) and use a specialized (read: inefficient for the general case) parallelization strategy (fork-join recursive decomposition).

  • Makes debugging more confusing, because of the nested call hierarchy and, god forbid, parallel execution. The debugger may have issues displaying variables from the surrounding code, and things like step-through may not work as expected.

  • Streams in general are more difficult to code, read, and debug. Actually, this is true of complex "fluent" APIs in general. The combination of complex single statements, heavy use of generics, and lack of intermediate variables conspire to produce confusing error messages and frustrate debugging. Instead of "this method doesn't have an overload for type X" you get an error message closer to "somewhere you messed up the types, but we don't know where or how." Similarly, you can't step through and examine things in a debugger as easily as when the code is broken into multiple statements, and intermediate values are saved to variables. Finally, reading the code and understanding the types and behavior at each stage of execution may be non-trivial.

  • Sticks out like a sore thumb. The Java language already has the for-each statement. Why replace it with a function call? Why encourage hiding side-effects somewhere in expressions? Why encourage unwieldy one-liners? Mixing regular for-each and new forEach willy-nilly is bad style. Code should speak in idioms (patterns that are quick to comprehend due to their repetition), and the fewer idioms are used the clearer the code is and less time is spent deciding which idiom to use (a big time-drain for perfectionists like myself!).

As you can see, I'm not a big fan of the forEach() except in cases when it makes sense.

Particularly offensive to me is the fact that Stream does not implement Iterable (despite actually having method iterator) and cannot be used in a for-each, only with a forEach(). I recommend casting Streams into Iterables with (Iterable<T>)stream::iterator. A better alternative is to use StreamEx which fixes a number of Stream API problems, including implementing Iterable.

That said, forEach() is useful for the following:

  • Atomically iterating over a synchronized list. Prior to this, a list generated with Collections.synchronizedList() was atomic with respect to things like get or set, but was not thread-safe when iterating.

  • Parallel execution (using an appropriate parallel stream). This saves you a few lines of code vs using an ExecutorService, if your problem matches the performance assumptions built into Streams and Spliterators.

  • Specific containers which, like the synchronized list, benefit from being in control of iteration (although this is largely theoretical unless people can bring up more examples)

  • Calling a single function more cleanly by using forEach() and a method reference argument (ie, list.forEach (obj::someMethod)). However, keep in mind the points on checked exceptions, more difficult debugging, and reducing the number of idioms you use when writing code.

Articles I used for reference:

  • Everything about Java 8
  • Iteration Inside and Out (as pointed out by another poster)

EDIT: Looks like some of the original proposals for lambdas (such as http://www.javac.info/closures-v06a.html Google Cache) solved some of the issues I mentioned (while adding their own complications, of course).

2 of 8
174

The advantage comes into account when the operations can be executed in parallel. (See http://java.dzone.com/articles/devoxx-2012-java-8-lambda-and - the section about internal and external iteration)

  • The main advantage from my point of view is that the implementation of what is to be done within the loop can be defined without having to decide if it will be executed in parallel or sequential

  • If you want your loop to be executed in parallel you could simply write

     joins.parallelStream().forEach(join -> mIrc.join(mSession, join));
    

    You will have to write some extra code for thread handling etc.

Note: For my answer I assumed joins implementing the java.util.Stream interface. If joins implements only the java.util.Iterable interface this is no longer true.

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Baeldung
baeldung.com › home › java › core java › guide to the java foreach loop
Guide to the Java forEach Loop | Baeldung
June 17, 2025 - Introduced in Java 8, the forEach() method provides programmers with a concise way to iterate over a collection.
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Medium
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Master in the forEach() Method in Java 8 | by A cup of JAVA coffee with NeeSri | Medium
August 3, 2024 - It takes a Consumer as an argument and applies that consumer's action to each element in the collection. A Consumer is a functional interface introduced in Java 8, located in the java.util.function package.
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Mkyong
mkyong.com › home › java8 › java 8 foreach examples
Java 8 forEach examples | mkyong.com
December 4, 2020 - We can now reuse the same Consumer method and pass it to the forEach method of List and Stream. ... package com.mkyong.java8.misc; import java.util.*; import java.util.function.Consumer; import java.util.stream.Stream; public class ForEachConsumer { public static void main(String[] args) { List<String> list = Arrays.asList("abc", "java", "python"); Stream<String> stream = Stream.of("abc", "java", "python"); // convert a String to a Hex Consumer<String> printTextInHexConsumer = (String x) -> { StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(); for (char c : x.toCharArray()) { String hex = Integer.toHexString(c); sb.append(hex); } System.out.print(String.format("%n%-10s:%s", x, sb.toString())); }; // pass a Consumer list.forEach(printTextInHexConsumer); stream.forEach(printTextInHexConsumer); } }
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HowToDoInJava
howtodoinjava.com › home › java 8 › java foreach()
Java forEach() with Examples - HowToDoInJava
February 6, 2023 - Java forEach() is a utility function to iterate over a Collection (list, set or map) or Stream. It performs the specified Consumer action on each item in the Collection.
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Oracle
docs.oracle.com › javase › 8 › docs › technotes › guides › language › foreach.html
The For-Each Loop
July 21, 2026 - Java SE 8 Documentation · Search · Iterating over a collection is uglier than it needs to be.
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Java Guides
javaguides.net › 2019 › 11 › java-8-foreach-with-list-set-and-map.html
Java 8 forEach with List, Set and Map Examples
September 14, 2020 - Java 8 provides a new method forEach() to iterate the elements. It is defined in the Iterable and Stream interface. It is a default method defined in the Iterable interface. Collection classes that extend Iterable interface can use the forEach() ...
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javaguides.net › 2018 › 06 › guide-to-java-8-foreach-method.html
Java 8 forEach
September 5, 2024 - Java 8 introduced the forEach() method, which allows us to iterate over elements in a collection in a concise and functional manner.
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Blogger
javarevisited.blogspot.com › 2015 › 09 › java-8-foreach-loop-example.html
Java 8 forEach() Loop Example
Java 8 has introduced a new way to loop over a List or Collection, by using the forEach() method of the new Stream class. You can iterate over any Collection like List, Set, or Map by converting them into a java.util.sttream.Stream instance ...
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Oodlestechnologies
oodlestechnologies.com › blogs › java-8-foreach-and-lambda-expression-for-map-and-list
Java 8 forEach and Lambda Expression For Map and List
February 14, 2020 - forEach loop, in Java 8, provides programmers a new, interesting and concise way of iterating over a Collection. Lambda expression is also a new and important feature of Java which was included in Java 8. It provides a concise and clear way to represent one method interface using an expression.
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Educative
educative.io › answers › java-8-foreach
Java 8 forEach
Java 8 provides the updated forEach() method with the ability to iterate the elements of a collection.
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xperti
xperti.io › home › guide to java 8 foreach method with example
How to Use ForEach Method in Java
May 2, 2022 - ForEach java was first Introduced in Java 8. It is a method used to create loops just like for-loop and while-loop.
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Java67
java67.com › 2016 › 01 › how-to-use-foreach-method-in-java-8-examples.html
10 Examples of forEach() method in Java 8 | Java67
You can read more about that in the Collections to Streams in Java 8 Using the Lambda Expressions course on Pluralsight, which provides an in-depth explanation of new Java 8 features. So far you have both basic and advanced examples of using the forEach() method, first with simply iterating over each element and then along with using the filter() method, Let's see one more example of the forEach() method along with the map() function, which is another key functionality of Stream API.
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Spring Framework Guru
springframework.guru › home › java 8 foreach
Java 8 forEach - Spring Framework Guru
May 20, 2019 - With both the new forEach method and the Java 8 Stream API, you can create a stream of elements in a collection and then pipeline the stream to a forEach method for iteration.
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Java Guides
javaguides.net › 2024 › 09 › java-8-foreach-with-index.html
Java 8 – forEach with Index
September 9, 2024 - In Java 8, there is no direct way to get the index inside the forEach() method, but you can use AtomicInteger or IntStream to do this functionality.
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Medium
neesri.medium.com › exploring-the-foreach-method-in-java-8-stream-api-3a871cdc07a0
Exploring the forEach Method in Java 8 Stream API | by A cup of JAVA coffee with NeeSri | Medium
July 20, 2025 - The forEach method in the Java 8 Stream API provides a convenient way to iterate over elements and perform actions on each element in a concise manner. Whether you're printing elements, modifying them, or updating external variables, forEach ...
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JavaGoal
javagoal.com › home › foreach loop in java 8
java foreach - java stream foreach - java 8 foreach - JavaGoal
July 15, 2022 - By using of forEach() method we print each element of the list along with a statement defined in action. We can reduce this code by use of lambda expression. As you already know lambda expression can provide the implementation to Functional ...
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BeginnersBook
beginnersbook.com › 2017 › 10 › java-8-foreach
Java 8 forEach method with example
In Java 8, we have a newly introduced forEach method to iterate over collections and Streams in Java.
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EDUCBA
educba.com › home › software development › software development tutorials › java 8 tutorial › java 8 foreach
Java 8 forEach | Default Method Defined in the Iterable Interface.
February 14, 2023 - The foreach method in Java 8 is used to iterate over the elements. This method is defined in the stream and iterable interfaces. This is the default method defined in the iterable interface.
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HCL GUVI
studytonight.com › java-8 › java-8-foreach
HCL GUVI | Learn to code in your native language
Established in 2014 and acquired by the HCL Group in 2022, HCL GUVI is dedicated to providing effective and high-quality learning and skilling programs that transcend language barriers in technology education. HCL GUVI today is trusted by over 4.8 million users, 20 languages and 2500+ corporate partners.