If you divide those "strange" latitudes and longitudes by 11930465, you get the North and East degree values you expect:

But don't ask me why ;-)
Answer from AndreJ on Stack ExchangeConvert Garmin or iPhone weird GPS Coordinates - Geographic Information Systems Stack Exchange
How to enter Google maps coordinates into my Garmin GPS
garmin - Converting Coordinates formatted as Lat 4531.38153 Long 12347.2328 to Decimal Degrees? - Geographic Information Systems Stack Exchange
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If you divide those "strange" latitudes and longitudes by 11930465, you get the North and East degree values you expect:

But don't ask me why ;-)
@AndreJ's answer is right. I just add the reason for this "strange" number :
it seems Garmin stores its angular coordinates using a 32-bit integer, so that gives 232 possible values.
We want to be able to represent values up to 360° (or more exactly -180 to 180), so each degree represents 2^32 / 360 = 11930465.
So dividing your coordinate by 11930465 will give the decimal value.
By the way, this value encoding is also present in fit files (Flexible and Interoperable Data Transfer) also originating from Garmin.
TBH I have no clue how coordinates actually work. I know google maps uses WGS84 as standard but I'm struggling with the format of the coordinates. I want to enter the google maps coordinates into my GPS.
I can set the GPS to WGS84 but for the coordinate format, none of the selection matches the google maps one. Google Maps, take as an example this one: 37.233515, -115.812663
in my GPS I have as selections:
h ddd° mm.mmm'
h ddd° mm' ss.s"
MGRS
Grid RT-90
SWEREF 99TM
US National Grid
British National Grid
Grid KKJ27
French Grid
Gauss-Boaga East
Gauss-Boaga West
UTM
none of these allows me to input the google coordinates, they all look different
They look like Degrees Decimal Minutes (DDM) with the degree and minutes symbols dropped.
Try reading Lat 4531.38153 Long 12347.2328 as Lat 45° 31.38153' Long 123° 47.2328'
You may find this PGC Coordinate Converter useful.
I suppose it might be NMEA. It has quite strange coordinates representation: lat is DDMM.MMMMM and lon is DDDMM.MMMMM.