What you are asking for is covered by the HTML Media Capture standard from 2018.

This standard is better described in this link, with even a demonstration image that seems to point to an Apple desktop:

The new standard is an evolution of the <input> tag on the PC, currently only used for uploading files.

The new HTML <input> tag may either select a file of a certain type, or capture data from the matching device. This is done by adding HTML attributes on the <input> tag.

One useful attribute here is capture:

The capture attribute specifies that, optionally, a new file should be captured, and which device should be used to capture that new media of a type defined by the accept attribute.

The accept attribute is defined as:

The accept attribute takes as its value a comma-separated list of one or more file types, or unique file type specifiers, describing which file types to allow.

Here is an example of HTML code that uses these attributes:

<p>
  <label for="soundFile">What does your voice sound like?:</label>
  <input type="file" id="soundFile" capture="user" accept="audio/*">
</p>
<p>
  <label for="videoFile">Upload a video:</label>
  <input type="file" id="videoFile" capture="environment" accept="video/*">
</p>
<p>
  <label for="imageFile">Upload a photo of yourself:</label>
  <input type="file" id="imageFile" capture="user" accept="image/*">
</p>

If the HTML file does not use these attributes, then all it can do is select a file from disk, created in advance by, for example, the camera app.

These tags will let you record when they will be correctly implemented by Chrome. Unfortunately, at the moment they do not work on the desktop. Already working on Android Chrome, I hope that it's only a matter of time for it to arrive on the desktop.

Currently a lot of JavaScript is required for media capture, as can be seen in this example.

You need to wait for the Chrome developers to implement them for the desktop - we can't do that.