I don't think there is an exact equivalent, however there are anonymous classes that are about as close as you can get. But still pretty different. Joel Spolsky wrote an article about how the students taught only Java are missing out on these beauties of functional style programming: Can Your Programming Language Do This?.

It's called a 'fluent interface'. Simply change the return type and return this; to allow you to chain the methods:

public MyClass ifExist(Consumer<Element> consumer) {
    if (exist()) {
        consumer.accept(this);
    }
    return this;
}

public MyClass ifNotExist(Consumer<Element> consumer) {
    if (!exist()) {
        consumer.accept(this);
    }
    return this;
}

You could get a bit fancier and return an intermediate type:

interface Else<T>
{
    public void otherwise(Consumer<T> consumer); // 'else' is a keyword
}

class DefaultElse<T> implements Else<T>
{
    private final T item;

    DefaultElse(final T item) { this.item = item; }

    public void otherwise(Consumer<T> consumer)
    {
        consumer.accept(item);
    }
}

class NoopElse<T> implements Else<T>
{
    public void otherwise(Consumer<T> consumer) { }
}

public Else<MyClass> ifExist(Consumer<Element> consumer) {
    if (exist()) {
        consumer.accept(this);
        return new NoopElse<>();
    }
    return new DefaultElse<>(this);
}

Sample usage:

element.ifExist(el -> {
    //do something
})
.otherwise(el -> {
    //do something else
});