Looking at relative numbers only is always dangerous, here are some absolute numbers, run on NodeJS v14.14.0 on an Intel 8350U:

So as one can see, for 10.000 iterations the difference between objects and maps is 1 millisecond in the run above, and as that is the accuracy of the time measurement, we can't really derive any conclusion from that test. The results are absolutely random.

For 1 Million iterations one can see a clear advantage of Map writes over Object writes, the read performance is very similar. Now if we look at absolute numbers, this is still one million writes / s. So although object writes are a lot slower, this will unlikely be the bottleneck of your application.

For an accurate explanation, one would have to analyze all the steps the engine performs. For that you can run node --print-code and analyze the bytecode that gets run. I don't have the time for that, though here are some observations:

1. If the object gets constructed with Object.create(null) (having no prototype) the performance is about the same, so prototype lookup does not influence performance at all.

2. After the 20th iteration, V8 chooses the internal representation dictionary_map for object, so this is basically one hash map competing with another hashmap (one can run node --allow-natives-syntax and then use %DebugPrint(object) to get the internal representation).

3. For objects with more than 2 ** 23 keys, write performance degrades even more, see Performance degrade on JSObject after 2^23 items (though maps also can‘t be much larger - see Maximum number of entries in Node.js Map? )

For reference, here is the code used to run the benchmark:

Show code snippet

function benchmark(TIMES) {  
  console.log("BENCHMARK ", TIMES);

  const object = Object.create(null);

    let start = Date.now();
    for (let i = 0; i < TIMES; ++i) {
        object[`key_${i}`] = 1;
    }

    console.log("Object write took", Date.now() - start);
    start = Date.now();

    let result = 0;
  
    for (let i = 0; i < TIMES; ++i) {
      result += object[`key_${i}`];
    }

    console.log("Object read took", Date.now() - start);
    start = Date.now();

  


  const map = new Map();
  
  for (let i = 0; i < TIMES; ++i) {
    map.set(`key_${i}`, 1);
  }
  
  console.log("Map write took", Date.now() - start);
  start = Date.now();

  result = 0;
  
  for (let i = 0; i < TIMES; ++i) {
    result += map.get(`key_${i}`);
  }

  console.log("Map read took", Date.now() - start);

}

benchmark(100);
benchmark(1_000);
benchmark(10_000);
benchmark(1_000_000);

To sum up:

• Use Maps for dictionaries with lots of different, changing keys as they are slightly better than objects internally represented as hash table
• Use Objects for - well - objects. If you have a low number of keys and frequently access those, Objects are way faster (as the engine can use inline caching, hidden classes with fixed memory layout etc.)

Every value in a set has to be unique, but in Array you can push same value as many times as you'd like.

"Set objects are collections of values. You can iterate through the elements of a set in insertion order. A value in the Set may only occur once; it is unique in the Set's collection." https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Set

Removing values, interestingly enough, when dealing with small amounts of data, there isn't much performance difference between the two (Array and Set), but when you start to deal with big data, removal is a lot faster in Sets vs Arrays.

Adding values to Array is 4 times faster than adding them to set.

Iterating through the values Array is here also better performer (Growing exponentially based on the amount of data).

You can read more about the performance differences at; Javascript Set vs. Array performance

"At 10k elements, both tests ran comparable times (array: 16.6 ms, set: 20.7 ms) but when dealing with 100k elements, the set was the clear winner (array: 1974.8 ms, set: 83.6 ms) but only because of the removing operation. Otherwise the array was faster. I couldn't say exactly why that is."

Count unique items in object Set Vs Object write-up https://github.com/anvaka/set-vs-object

TL:DR Set is almost two times faster than Object.

Why Set was introduced (My guess)?

There are sometimes when you need an easy way to build up a collection of values and you have to make sure each value is unique. This brings a lot overhead away from the old fashioned check if array has the value or not and then push or skip.

This scenario was not covered in the performance post I linked earlier, but doing fast experiment on Array of 10,000 items and then adding 15 items where 5 were duplicates to the combined collection, adding to array with checking for duplicate values and skipping if duplicate it took 74ms and with set just using the set.add(value) it took 9ms.

When would you need this?

One real life example that came to my mind is that if you have an email marketing letter and you for example would have options; - TV - Music - Movies - Sports

One day your client or you would like to have only one email option for TV, Music and Movies called "Entertainment". You would need to build up a new collection based on the data from these 3 different values and you would need to make sure each email are added to the new entertainment emailing list only once. Meaning that users could've opted-in for Movies as well as TV if they are interested in both.

Here you could just make set Entertainment and then iterate through all the lists TV/Music/Movies and use Entertainment.add(email) and the set would take care of skipping values that already exists in the list. Hence avoiding duplicate emails in the emailing list.

Also set would be optimal format to store your email subscriber addresses, as nobody could accidentally opt-in twice for you emails.

Ok, I have tested adding, iterating and removing elements from both an array and a set. I ran a "small" test, using 10 000 elements and a "big" test, using 100 000 elements. Here are the results.

Adding elements to a collection

It would seem that the .push array method is about 4 times faster than the .add set method, no matter the number of elements being added.

Iterating over and modifying elements in a collection

For this part of the test I used a for loop to iterate over the array and a for of loop to iterate over the set. Again, iterating over the array was faster. This time it would seem that it is exponentially so as it took twice as long during the "small" tests and almost four times longer during the "big" tests.

Removing elements from a collection

Now this is where it gets interesting. I used a combination of a for loop and .splice to remove some elements from the array and I used for of and .delete to remove some elements from the set. For the "small" tests, it was about three times faster to remove items from the set (2.6 ms vs 7.1 ms) but things changed drastically for the "big" test where it took 1955.1 ms to remove items from the array while it only took 83.6 ms to remove them from the set, 23 times faster.

Conclusions

At 10k elements, both tests ran comparable times (array: 16.6 ms, set: 20.7 ms) but when dealing with 100k elements, the set was the clear winner (array: 1974.8 ms, set: 83.6 ms) but only because of the removing operation. Otherwise the array was faster. I couldn't say exactly why that is.

I played around with some hybrid scenarios where an array was created and populated and then converted into a set where some elements would be removed, the set would then be reconverted into an array. Although doing this will give much better performance than removing elements in the array, the additional processing time needed to transfer to and from a set outweighs the gains of populating an array instead of a set. In the end, it is faster to only deal with a set. Still, it is an interesting idea, that if one chooses to use an array as a data collection for some big data that doesn't have duplicates, it could be advantageous performance wise, if there is ever a need to remove many elements in one operation, to convert the array to a set, perform the removal operation, and convert the set back to an array.

Array code:

var timer = function(name) {
  var start = new Date();
  return {
    stop: function() {
      var end = new Date();
      var time = end.getTime() - start.getTime();
      console.log('Timer:', name, 'finished in', time, 'ms');
    }
  }
};

var getRandom = function(min, max) {
  return Math.random() * (max - min) + min;
};

var lastNames = ['SMITH', 'JOHNSON', 'WILLIAMS', 'JONES', 'BROWN', 'DAVIS', 'MILLER', 'WILSON', 'MOORE', 'TAYLOR', 'ANDERSON', 'THOMAS'];

var genLastName = function() {
  var index = Math.round(getRandom(0, lastNames.length - 1));
  return lastNames[index];
};

var sex = ["Male", "Female"];

var genSex = function() {
  var index = Math.round(getRandom(0, sex.length - 1));
  return sex[index];
};

var Person = function() {
  this.name = genLastName();
  this.age = Math.round(getRandom(0, 100))
  this.sex = "Male"
};

var genPersons = function() {
  for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
    personArray.push(new Person());
};

var changeSex = function() {
  for (var i = 0; i < personArray.length; i++) {
    personArray[i].sex = genSex();
  }
};

var deleteMale = function() {
  for (var i = 0; i < personArray.length; i++) {
    if (personArray[i].sex === "Male") {
      personArray.splice(i, 1)
      i--
    }
  }
};

var t = timer("Array");

var personArray = [];

genPersons();

changeSex();

deleteMale();

t.stop();

console.log("Done! There are " + personArray.length + " persons.")

Set code:

var timer = function(name) {
    var start = new Date();
    return {
        stop: function() {
            var end  = new Date();
            var time = end.getTime() - start.getTime();
            console.log('Timer:', name, 'finished in', time, 'ms');
        }
    }
};

var getRandom = function (min, max) {
  return Math.random() * (max - min) + min;
};

var lastNames = ['SMITH','JOHNSON','WILLIAMS','JONES','BROWN','DAVIS','MILLER','WILSON','MOORE','TAYLOR','ANDERSON','THOMAS'];

var genLastName = function() {
    var index = Math.round(getRandom(0, lastNames.length - 1));
    return lastNames[index];
};

var sex = ["Male", "Female"];

var genSex = function() {
    var index = Math.round(getRandom(0, sex.length - 1));
    return sex[index];
};

var Person = function() {
	this.name = genLastName();
	this.age = Math.round(getRandom(0,100))
	this.sex = "Male"
};

var genPersons = function() {
for (var i = 0; i < 100000; i++)
	personSet.add(new Person());
};

var changeSex = function() {
	for (var key of personSet) {
		key.sex = genSex();
	}
};

var deleteMale = function() {
	for (var key of personSet) {
		if (key.sex === "Male") {
			personSet.delete(key)
		}
	}
};

var t = timer("Set");

var personSet = new Set();

genPersons();

changeSex();

deleteMale();

t.stop();

console.log("Done! There are " + personSet.size + " persons.")