Update 2018 - The easiest way in 2018 should be TextEncoder

let utf8Encode = new TextEncoder();
utf8Encode.encode("abc");
// Uint8Array [ 97, 98, 99 ]

Caveats - The returned element is a Uint8Array, and not all browsers support it.

I believe that you can can do this with relatively simple bit operations:

function stringToBytes ( str ) {
  var ch, st, re = [];
  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++ ) {
    ch = str.charCodeAt(i);  // get char 
    st = [];                 // set up "stack"
    do {
      st.push( ch & 0xFF );  // push byte to stack
      ch = ch >> 8;          // shift value down by 1 byte
    }  
    while ( ch );
    // add stack contents to result
    // done because chars have "wrong" endianness
    re = re.concat( st.reverse() );
  }
  // return an array of bytes
  return re;
}

stringToBytes( "A\u1242B\u4123C" );  // [65, 18, 66, 66, 65, 35, 67]

It should be a simple matter to sum the output up by reading the byte array as if it were memory and adding it up into larger numbers:

function getIntAt ( arr, offs ) {
  return (arr[offs+0] << 24) +
         (arr[offs+1] << 16) +
         (arr[offs+2] << 8) +
          arr[offs+3];
}

function getWordAt ( arr, offs ) {
  return (arr[offs+0] << 8) +
          arr[offs+1];
}

'\\u' + getWordAt( stringToBytes( "A\u1242" ), 1 ).toString(16);  // "1242"