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NOAA National Ocean Service
oceanservice.noaa.gov › facts › longitude.html
What is longitude?
Lines of longitude, also called meridians, are imaginary lines that divide the Earth. They run north to south from pole to pole, but they measure the distance east or west. Longitude is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds.
geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface
Longitude (/ˈlɒndʒɪtjuːd/, AU and UK also /ˈlɒŋɡɪ-/) is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body. It is an … Wikipedia
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Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Longitude
Longitude - Wikipedia
May 15, 2026 - Longitude (/ˈlɒndʒɪtjuːd/, ... in degrees and denoted by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Meridians are imaginary semicircular lines running from pole to pole that connect points with the same longitude....
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Gpb
georgiastudies.gpb.org › units › unit-1 › chapter-1 › section-3
Understanding Latitude and Longitude - GPB GA Studies
The term for measuring east and west location is longitude. Just like latitude, longitude is measured in degrees. The degrees represent the angle between two lines from the center of the earth—one to 0° longitude and the other to the place you are trying to locate.
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Manoa Hawaii
manoa.hawaii.edu › exploringourfluidearth › physical › world-ocean › locating-points-globe › weird-science-prime-meridian-and-time-zones
Weird Science: The Prime Meridian and Time Zones | manoa.hawaii.edu/ExploringOurFluidEarth
The designation of a line of longitude as the prime meridian (0º) is arbitrary, unlike the degrees of the parallels of latitude that have their zero degree line along the equator, an actual physical feature. Today, the prime meridian is located in Greenwich, England, but this primary reference ...
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Sketchplanations
sketchplanations.com › latitude-longitude
Latitude and Longitude: How to Remember Which is Which - Sketchplanations
December 7, 2025 - Latitude lines are the flat rungs you could step on, and longitude lines are the long vertical lines connecting the rungs. Longitude lines are always long, as they all pass through the poles.
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National Geographic
education.nationalgeographic.org › resource › longitude
Longitude
Longitude is the measurement east or west of the prime meridian. Longitude is measured by imaginary lines that run around Earth vertically (up and down) and meet at the North and South Poles. These lines are known as meridians.
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ArcGIS
storymaps.arcgis.com › stories › c03f5816b0204431b264140973d45375
Latitude and Longitude
April 14, 2021 - This map will explain the differences between latitude and longitude along with how they can be used.
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Reddit
reddit.com › r/askscience › why were lines of longitude defined differently from lines of latitude? (ie not parallel)
r/askscience on Reddit: Why were lines of longitude defined differently from lines of latitude? (ie not parallel)
October 20, 2023 -

I understand that lines of longitude converge at the poles, but why were they made to do that when lines of latitude run parallel to each other?

Or maybe what I want to know is, why don’t we have another set of lines that run north and south but remain parallel to each other?

I think I can understand why you don’t need converging lines that run east to west, but if parallel lines are helpful running east and west, wouldn’t they be helpful running north and south too?

Edit: Apologies that this is so unclear, it was very hard to find the wording to convey my question. Maybe what I should have asked is, why is it helpful to measure latitudinally using nearly cylindrical parallel divisions, where we measure the earth longitudinally in converging divisions that make a shape like an orange carpel (again, I am running out of words here).

Second Edit: CrustalTrudger helped me understand that the lines of longitude and latitude were defined as they were primarily because of their relation to the sun and the poles and their usefulness in navigation. The lines of longitude are not just measuring the difference between places on the earth, but instead are something like tracking the places which are directly under the sun at the same time. This would have been more practical at the time than covering the globe in a grid of arbitrary parallel lines. The latitudinal lines are even distances from the equator which has significance in relation to both the sun and the poles.

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It's worth starting with the problem that lines of longitude - defined as great circles that pass through the rotational axis of the planet - solved. Specifically, in early navigation (primarily at sea), measuring latitude was relatively simple because either through observation of the sun position or star positions you could work out how far north or south you were of the equator. This is in part because that the equator is not an arbitrary line as it's defined as the great circle (the only line of latitude that is a great circle) 90 degrees from the rotational axis of the planet (and this is why it makes sense to define lines of latitude that represent fixed angular distances from the equator as what you were measuring was the angular distance from the equator and/or from the pole). In contrast, figuring out how far east or west you were while at sea was more challenging. The idea behind longitude was to define great circles where positions along a singe line of longitude reflect locations where the sun will be at its zenith at precisely the same time. Then, with precision time keeping, a reference point (the prime meridian), and the difference between your local zenith time and the zenith time at the prime meridian, you could work out how far west or east you were in angular distance. This would not work with lines of longitude that were parallel. If we imagine that now with more advanced ways of measuring positions there's nothing necessarily tying us to lines of longitude as originally defined, there are a few problems that pop up. One is again related to time. Specifically, from above, one property of a line of longitude is that it represents points along the surface of the Earth at the same time with respect to the position of the sun in the sky. A system with parallel lines of longitude would not maintain this property (except at whatever arbitrary position you defined the equator equivalent in this hypothetical longitude system). More importantly, if we imagine a system where both lines of longitude and latitude were internally parallel (and orthogonal to each other), we've introduced a non-uniqueness to coordinates. At present, latitude spans -90 to 90 degrees and longitude spans from -180 to 180 (or 0 to 360) so each point on the surface has a unique coordinate pair. However, if we had a system where longitude spans from -90 to 90, any coordinate would represent two possible locations. I.e. a coordinate of 0 latitude, 0 longitude could represent either of the two possible intersections (on opposite sides of the globe) of the latitude equator and longitude equator, and the same would be true for every intersection of lines of longitude and latitude. It probably goes without saying, non-uniqueness is a really bad property for any proposed coordinate system. The arbitrary nature of the position of the "equator" and "poles" of this hypothetical version of longitude is also a bit of a problem, or at least, it introduces a pretty annoying set of properties to a coordinate system designed in this way.
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We're on a rotating sphere. The coordinates are defined relative to this rotation. The E/W direction (in which the latitude lines run) is the direction we're rotating in, and the N/S direction points perpendicular to that. Or equivalently, N/S points towards the points where the axis of rotation passes through the surface of the earth. We have two distinguished points by the rotation at the North and South pole. We don't have an "East and West pole". Furthermore, the axis of rotation nearly lines up with the magnetic poles, so thinking of N/S as "the direction a compass points in" is also very useful. The rotation based coordinate system also makes navigation via the stars much easier, with "north" being "towards Polaris" basically (the star that doesn't appear to move as the earth rotates).
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Humboldt State University
gsp.humboldt.edu › olm › Lessons › GIS › 01 SphericalCoordinates › Latitude_and_Longitude.html
GSP 270: Latitude and Longitude
The longitude is the angle formed by a line that goes through the center of the earth and the equator where the longitude=0 and another line that goes through the center of the earth and a line through the equator and the meridian that goes through the point of interest.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
britannica.com › philosophy & religion › humanities
Meridian | Prime Meridian, Longitude & Latitude | Britannica
3 weeks ago - Meridian, imaginary north–south ... for example, has a longitude of 40° E or 40° W. See latitude and longitude. The prime meridian is zero degrees longitude and divides Earth into the...
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Geosciences LibreTexts
geo.libretexts.org › bookshelves › geology › introduction to historical geology (johnson et al.) › 7: geologic and topographic mapping
7.2: Latitude and Longitude - Geosciences LibreTexts
August 24, 2024 - Therefore a point on Earth would be as 98° 45′ 30″ West Longitude, 42° 30’ 15” South Latitude. Latitude is measured from a 0° reference line that divides the Earth into a northern and a southern hemisphere. The 0° line of latitude is called the equator.
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Adobe Stock
stock.adobe.com › search
Longitude Images – Browse 553,429 Stock Photos, Vectors, and Video | Adobe Stock
Search from thousands of royalty-free Longitude stock images and video for your next project. Download royalty-free stock photos, vectors, HD footage and more on Adobe Stock.
Published   February 20, 2026
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Australian National Maritime Museum
sea.museum › en › article › a-beginners-guide-to-longitude
A beginners guide to longitude | Australian National Maritime Museum
The equator represents 0° and each pole represents 90°. Each degree of latitude corresponds with 60 nautical miles, or 111.1 kilometres, on the Earth’s surface. Longitude – Lines of longitude, called meridians, run vertically from pole to pole.
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University of Hawaii
www2.hawaii.edu › ~dennis › GeoBook › chapter_1 › longitude.htm
Longitude - Geography 101
Longitude lines (also called meridians) run perpendicular to latitude lines and form half-circle arcs between the North and South Poles. They are defined by the angle from the Earth's spin axis to a point east or west of the Prime Meridian at 0° longitude as shown below.
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Journeynorth
archive.journeynorth.org › tm › LongitudeIntro.html
Understanding Latitude and Longitude
Longitude lines are a numerical way to show/measure how far a location is east or west of a universal vertical line called the Prime Meridian. This Prime Meridian line runs vertically, north and south, right over the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich England, from the North Pole to the ...
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ArcGIS
arcgis.com › home › item.html
World Latitude and Longitude Grids - Overview
World Latitude and Longitude Grids provides latitude and longitude lines for use as an overlay for world-level maps.
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Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Prime_meridian
Prime meridian - Wikipedia
1 week ago - A prime meridian is a meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°. On a spheroid, a prime meridian and its anti-meridian (the 180th meridian in a 360-degree system) form a great ellipse.
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Quora
quora.com › What-are-the-major-lines-of-longitude-and-latitude-What-purpose-do-they-serve
What are the major lines of longitude and latitude? What purpose do they serve? - Quora
Answer (1 of 15): On longitude I would say the Prime Meridian. All other lines of longitude are counted to the east or to the west of the Prime Meridian. The 180th meridian of longitude. That is where the east longitude meets the west longitude. It is also the line used for the date line, althou...
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GIS Geography
gisgeography.com › home › maps & cartography › latitude, longitude and coordinate system grids
Latitude, Longitude and Coordinate System Grids - GIS Geography
March 10, 2024 - Latitude lines run east-west and ... values (Y-values) range between -90 and +90 degrees. But longitude lines run north-south and measure east-west....