10. “Elon’s Spies” Speaking of retribution, “Elon’s Spies,” from the British company Tortoise Media, delivers in a mere three episodes a wealth of detailed investigation about our proposed co-czar of government efficiency, all of it involving Elon Musk’s use of private investigators to help him harass his perceived enemies. The host, Alexi Mostrous, illuminates the “pedo guy” saga, in which Musk publicly insulted a diver who rescued a youth soccer team from an underwater cave, and who’d scoffed at Musk’s rescue plan, involving a tiny submarine; an apparent public-humiliation gambit targeting Musk’s former girlfriend Amber Heard; and even more stalkerish intimidation of a Tesla-plant whistle-blower. The sound design indulges in some corniness—the powerful man-child’s spiteful machinations don’t need underscoring with agitated piano—but mostly avoids it. A bonus episode, released after the election, contemplates the future. 9. “Empire City: The Untold Origin Story of the N.Y.P.D.” In his Peabody Award-winning “Uncivil” podcast, from 2017, Chenjerai Kumanyika, a journalism professor now at N.Y.U., brought to life, with his co-creator Jack Hitt, extraordinary lesser-known stories from the Civil War and before, such as Ona Judge’s escape from enslavement at George Washington’s house and Harriet Tubman’s Combahee River raid. “Empire City,” about the origins of the New York City Police Department, takes a similarly eye-opening historical tack and adds some of Kumanyika’s own story. The first episode begins with his young daughter saying that the police “keep us safe”; proceeds to Kumanyika watching 1964 N.Y.P.D. surveillance video of his father, the late civil-rights organizer Makaza Kumanyika, who led a peaceful protest against police brutality; and then backs up to tell the story of the Kidnapping Club, a group of antebellum New York police constables who pursued and abducted Black locals and sold them into slavery in the South. The time jumps can lead us to expect a more comprehensive history than the series aims to provide, but Kumanyika, a consummate researcher and warmly personable host, nimbly brings it all together. 8. “The Modi Raj” The Economist continued its streak of impressive limited-series podcasts with this year’s “The Modi Raj,” about Narendra Modi, which, like its 2022 series “The Prince,” about Xi Jinping, paints a vivid portrait of a world power through a meticulously reported biography of its strongman leader. The Economist business writer Avantika Chilkoti, a savvy and amiable host, starts by travelling to Vadnagar, Gujarat, where Modi famously began life as a chai wallah’s son. As a boy, we learn, Modi wasn’t a listener, enjoyed giving out orders, did some acting (“If you did not give him the lead role, he would not be part of it”), and, at age eight, became involved with the Hindu-nationalist group the R.S.S. Tracing Modi’s rise, via the R.S.S., to prominence in the right-wing B.J.P. Party and ultimately the Prime Ministership, Chilkoti talks to everyone from Modi’s longtime tailor (“He notices if buttonholes are hand-sewn”) to survivors of the deadly 2002 Gujarat riots (in which Modi and the R.S.S. may have been complicit) to a political consultant who recalls beaming Modi’s hologram to rural campaign rallies in 2014. “The chatter in the village is that there is a leader who is going to appear in thin air,” the consultant tells Chilkoti—and the hologram made Modi seem “omnipresent and capable of doing the unthinkable.” The story’s details are edifyingly specific, its themes grimly universal. 7. “Embedded: Supermajority” The Nashville-based journalist Meribah Knight, maker of the excellent series “The Promise” and “The Kids of Rutherford County,” this year brought us inside the volatile Tennessee state house of 2023, which made headlines for all the wrong reasons. Knight embedded herself with three Covenant Moms—conservative Christian mothers of students at the Covenant School, where a mass shooting had recently killed six people—as they attempted to influence their own party to pass gun-control measures and then experienced one rude awakening after another. Deep-red Tennessee has a Republican supermajority in the legislature, and we listen as legislators expel their Democratic peers for protesting; invent and enforce new rules against free expression for people in the gallery, including the moms; and welcome a visitor from a right-wing Hungarian think tank that often supports Viktor Orbán. Throughout, the sounds of everyone’s voices, constituents and politicians alike, convey as much as their words do, and the intimacy enhances the maddening implications. 6. “Hysterical” Dan Taberski (“Running from Cops,” “Surviving Y2K,” “9/12”) returned this year with “Hysterical,” about a sudden and mysterious outbreak of a Tourette’s-like condition in upstate New York, mostly among high-school girls, in 2011. The premise might make us wary—notes of the Salem Witch Trials, talk of hysteria—but, as ever, Taberski and his team know what they’re doing. “Hysterical relates its strange story with sensitivity, humor, and fascinating characters, and its essential questions—What is this? Why is it happening? How can we stop it?—broaden and deepen as the series proceeds. Each new theory that Taberski investigates, from the personal to the environmental, seems to nearly crack the case, but surprises create cliffhangers throughout. We learn about similarly mysterious mind-body afflictions, from Havana Syndrome to fentanyl-contact paranoia, and by the end we’ve been unnerved, enlightened, and reassured. Taberski is a sharp and friendly narrator, unafraid to joke with us, skilled at drawing out interviewees and putting them at ease, and adept at zooming in and out as the story requires. Like all of his work, it connects the personal and the philosophical and makes it look easy.