Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism
Common symptoms include:

• Rapid or irregular heartbeat (palpitations)

• Unexplained weight loss despite increased appetite

• Anxiety, nervousness, or irritability

• Tremors (shaking hands or fingers)

• Excessive sweating and heat intolerance

• Difficulty sleeping (insomnia)

• Frequent bowel movements or diarrhea

• Fatigue or muscle weakness

• Changes in menstrual patterns (lighter or less frequent periods)

• Enlarged thyroid gland (goiter)

• In Graves’ disease: bulging eyes (thyroid eye disease), double vision, or eye discomfort

Diagnosis
The condition is confirmed through blood tests measuring TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) — which is typically low — and free T4 or free T3 — which are elevated. Additional tests may include a thyroid ultrasound, radioactive iodine uptake test, or thyroid scan to determine the cause.

Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the cause, severity, and individual factors such as age and pregnancy status:

• Antithyroid medications (e.g., methimazole, propylthiouracil): Reduce thyroid hormone production. Often used as first-line therapy and may be taken for 1–2 years.

• Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy: Shrinks the thyroid gland by destroying overactive tissue. Common and effective, but usually leads to hypothyroidism requiring lifelong thyroid hormone replacement.

• Thyroid surgery (thyroidectomy): Removal of part or all of the thyroid gland. Recommended for large goiters, suspicious nodules, or when other treatments are not suitable. Requires lifelong thyroid hormone replacement.

• Beta-blockers (e.g., propranolol, metoprolol): Do not reduce hormone levels but quickly relieve symptoms like rapid heart rate, tremors, and anxiety. Used temporarily while other treatments take effect.

Important Notes

• Hyperthyroidism is treatable and manageable with proper care.

• Untreated hyperthyroidism can lead to serious complications, including thyroid storm (a life-threatening emergency), heart problems, and osteoporosis.

• Regular monitoring of thyroid levels is essential during treatment.

• Women planning pregnancy should work closely with their doctor, as uncontrolled hyperthyroidism can affect both mother and baby.