First of all, your test case of using sleep and page-faults is not an ideal test case. There should be no page fault events during the sleep duration, you you can't really expect anything interesting. For the sake of easier reasoning I suggest to use the ref-cycles (hardware) event and a busy workload such as awk 'BEGIN { while(1){} }'.

Question 1: It is my understanding that perf stat gets a "summary" of counts but when used with the -I option gets the counts at the specified millisecond interval. With this option does it sum up the counts over the interval or get the average over the interval, or something else entirely? I assume it is summed up.

Yes. The values are just summed up. You can confirm that by testing:

$ perf stat -e ref-cycles -I 1000 timeout 10s awk 'BEGIN { while(1){} }'
#           time             counts unit events
 1.000105072      2,563,666,664      ref-cycles                                                  
 2.000267991      2,577,462,550      ref-cycles                                                  
 3.000415395      2,577,211,936      ref-cycles                                                  
 4.000543311      2,577,240,458      ref-cycles                                                  
 5.000702131      2,577,525,002      ref-cycles                                                  
 6.000857663      2,577,156,088      ref-cycles                                                  

[ ... snip ... ]
[ Note that it may not be as nicely consistent on all systems due dynamic frequency scaling ]

$ perf stat -e ref-cycles -I 3000 timeout 10s awk 'BEGIN { while(1){} }' 
#           time             counts unit events
 3.000107921      7,736,108,718      ref-cycles                                                  
 6.000265186      7,732,065,900      ref-cycles                                                  
 9.000372029      7,728,302,192      ref-cycles     

Question 2: Why doesn't perf stat -e <event1> -I 1000 sleep 5 give about the same counts as if I summed up the counts over each second for the following command perf record -e <event1> -F 1000 sleep 5?

perf stat -I is in milliseconds, whereas perf record -F is in HZ (1/s), so the corresponding command to perf stat -I 1000 is perf record -F 1. In fact with our more stable event/workload, this looks better:

$ perf stat -e ref-cycles -I 1000 timeout 10s awk 'BEGIN { while(1){} }'
#           time             counts unit events
 1.000089518      2,578,694,534      ref-cycles                                                  
 2.000203872      2,579,866,250      ref-cycles                                                  
 3.000294300      2,579,857,852      ref-cycles                                                  
 4.000390273      2,579,964,842      ref-cycles                                                  
 5.000488375      2,577,955,536      ref-cycles                                                  
 6.000587028      2,577,176,316      ref-cycles                                                  
 7.000688250      2,577,334,786      ref-cycles                                                  
 8.000785388      2,577,581,500      ref-cycles                                                  
 9.000876466      2,577,511,326      ref-cycles                                                  
10.000977965      2,577,344,692      ref-cycles                                                  
10.001195845            466,674      ref-cycles    

$ perf record -e ref-cycles -F 1 timeout 10s awk 'BEGIN { while(1){} }'
[ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ]
[ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.008 MB perf.data (17 samples) ]

$ perf script -F time,period        
3369070.273722:          1 
3369070.273755:          1 
3369070.273911:       3757 
3369070.273916:    3015133 
3369070.274486:          1 
3369070.274556:          1 
3369070.274657:       1778 
3369070.274662:    2196921 
3369070.275523: 47192985748 
3369072.663696: 2578692405 
3369073.663547: 2579122382 
3369074.663609: 2580015300 
3369075.664085: 2579873741 
3369076.664433: 2578638211 
3369077.664379: 2578378119 
3369078.664175: 2578166440 
3369079.663896: 2579238122 

So you see, eventually the results are stable also for perf record -F. Unfortunately the documentation of perf record is very poor. You can learn what the settings -c and -F mean by looking at the documentation of the underlying system call man perf_event_open:

sample_period, sample_freq A "sampling" event is one that generates an overflow notification every N events, where N is given by sample_period. A sampling event has sample_period > 0. When an overflow occurs, requested data is recorded in the mmap buffer. The sample_type field controls what data is recorded on each overflow.

sample_freq can be used if you wish to use frequency rather than period. In this case, you set the freq flag. The kernel will adjust the sampling period to try and achieve the desired rate. The rate of adjustment is a timer tick.

So while perf stat uses an internal timer to read the value of the counter every -i milliseconds, perf record sets an event overflow counter to take a sample every -c events. That means it takes a sample every N events (e.g. every N page-fault or cycles). With -F, it it tries to regulate this overflow value to achieve the desired frequency. It tries different values and tunes it up/down accordingly. This eventually works for counters with a stable rate, but will get erratic results for dynamic events.

@Alina,

If you read the man page for perf record, you can see that perf record -P will be used to record the sample period, and not specify it.

If you want to record more/less samples and modify the period, you have to specify the command like perf record -c 2 (--count=) where 2 is the sampling period. This will mean that for every 2 occurrences of the event that you are measuring, you will have a sample for that. You can then modify the sampling period and test various values.

The other way around to express the sampling period, is to specify the average rate of samples per second (frequency) - which you can do using perf record -F. So perf record -F 1000 will record around 1000 samples per second and these samples will be generated when the hardware/PMU counter corresponding to the event overflows. This means that the kernel will dynamically adjust the sampling period.