As said in the doc-string from pyautogui.keyDown():

Performs a keyboard key press without the release. This will put that key in a held down state.

NOTE: For some reason, this does not seem to cause key repeats like would happen if a keyboard key was held down on a text field.

You need a different approach - you can may use pygame - with this

Or, if you want to stay with pyautogui you can try something like this:

def hold_W (hold_time):
    import time, pyautogui
    start = time.time()
    while time.time() - start < hold_time:
        pyautogui.press('w')

You can use the following example:

>>> pyautogui.keyDown('shift')  # hold down the shift key
>>> pyautogui.press('left')     # press the left arrow key
>>> pyautogui.press('left')     # press the left arrow key
>>> pyautogui.press('left')     # press the left arrow key
>>> pyautogui.keyUp('shift')    # release the shift key

In your case you'd use the keyDown function and a timer or equivelent to trigger keyUp.

You can find more information in regards to using timers here or better yet use Timer from the threading library - especially if you want to the processing to continue.

Example of using threading.Timer below.

def hello():
    print("hello, world")

t = Timer(30.0, hello)
t.start()  # after 30 seconds, "hello, world" will be printed

In the keyDown documentation one can note the following:

NOTE: For some reason, this does not seem to cause key repeats like would happen if a keyboard key was held down on a text field.

An alternative to using the keyDown function is to repeat the press function; in cases where keyDown is not satisfying the behaviour required by the developer and/or user.

def hold_key(key, hold_time):
    import time, pyautogui

    start_time = time.time()

    while time.time() - start_time < hold_time:
        pyautogui.press(key)

or

import pyautogui

while True:
    pyautogui.press('w')

The above code is not tested.

pyautogui.keyDown('winleft')
pyautogui.press('r')
pyautogui.keyUp('winleft')

try running this code, confirmed 100% working, should bring up the ''run'' window

Taken from my own script, you can always use the

time.sleep(1)

function to make it hold for however long you need, just remember to

import time

at the start of your code (at least that's how i made it work)

Arrow keys would be just left, up, right, down. Function key would be fn. All keys are documented here

The hotkey() function only works with keys. To shift-click, you need code like this:

import pyautogui
pyautogui.keyDown('shift')
pyautogui.click()
pyautogui.keyUp('shift')

Hi I think you will need a different approach to solving this issue.

Also i don't advice using .keyDown() or .keyUp(). Instead, use .press()

Here's a code snippet to hold down a key for 5 seconds.

import time, pyautogui
    
start = time.time()
while time.time() - start < 5: #Hold Key for 5 Seconds
    pyautogui.press('d')

So you would need to change this flow to break out of the while loop as soon as it finds the Fertilizer.png Like such:

import time, pyautogui
    
start = time.time()
while time.time() - start < 5: #Hold Key for 5 Seconds
    pyautogui.press('d')
        
    if pyautogui.locateOnScreen("Fertilizer.png", confidence=1.0) == True:
        break