What's the purpose of enums? What value do they create for the language? When should I use them and when should I avoid them?

The Enum type got into Python via PEP 435. The reasoning given is:

The properties of an enumeration are useful for defining an immutable, related set of constant values that may or may not have a semantic meaning.

When using numbers and strings for this purpose, they could be characterized as "magic numbers" or "magic strings". Numbers rarely carry with them the semantics, and strings are easily confused (capitalization? spelling? snake or camel-case?)

Days of the week and school letter grades are examples of this kind of collections of values.

Here's an example from the docs:

from enum import Enum

class Color(Enum):
    red = 1
    green = 2
    blue = 3

Like the bare class, this is much more readable and elegant than the namedtuple example, it is also immutable, and it has further benefits as we'll see below.

Strictly dominant: The type of the enum member is the enum

>>> type(Color.red)
<enum 'Color'>
>>> isinstance(Color.green, Color)
True

This allows you to define functionality on the members in the Enum definition. Defining functionality on the values could be accomplished with the other prior methods, but it would be very inelegant.

Improvement: String coercion

The string representation is human readable, while the repr has more information:

>>> print(Color.red)
Color.red
>>> print(repr(Color.red))
<Color.red: 1>

I find this to be an improvement over the magic numbers and even possibly better than strings from the namedtuple.

Iteration (parity):

The enum supports iteration (like the namedtuple, but not so much the bare class) too:

>>> for color in Color:
        print(color)
Color.red
Color.green
Color.blue

The __members__ attribute is an ordered mapping of the names of the enums to their respective enum objects (similar to namedtuple's _asdict() function).

>>> Color.__members__
mappingproxy(OrderedDict([('red', <Color.red: 1>), ('green', <Color.green: 2>), 
('blue', <Color.blue: 3>)]))

Supported by pickle (parity)

You can serialize and deserialize the enum (in case anyone was worried about this):

>>> import pickle
>>> color.red is pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(color.red))
True

Improvement: Aliases

This is a nice feature that the bare class doesn't have, and it would be difficult to tell the alias was there in the namedtuple.

class Color(Enum):
    red = 1
    green = 2
    blue = 3
    really_blue = 3

The alias comes after the canonical name, but they are both the same:

>>> Color.blue is Color.really_blue
True

If aliases should be prohibited to avoid value collisions, use the enum.unique decorator (a strictly dominant feature).

Strictly dominant: comparisons done with is

The enum is intended to be tested with is, which is a fast check for a single object's identity in the process.

>>> Color.red is Color.red
True
>>> Color.red is Color.blue
False
>>> Color.red is not Color.blue
True

Tests for equality work as well, but tests for identity with is are optimal.

Different semantics from other Python classes

Enum classes have different semantics from regular Python types. The values of the Enum are instances of the Enum, and are singletons in memory for those values - there is no other purpose for instantiating them.

>>> Color.red is Color(1)

This is important to keep in mind, perhaps it is a downside, but comparing on this dimension is comparing apples with oranges.

Enums not assumed to be ordered

While the Enum class knows what order the members are created in, enums are not assumed to be ordered. This is a feature because many things that may be enumerated have no natural order, and therefore order would be arbitrary.

However, you can give your enums order (see the next section).

Subclassing

You can't subclass an Enum with members declared, but you can subclass an Enum that doesn't declare members to share behavior (see the OrderedEnum recipe in the docs).

This is a feature - it makes little sense to subclass an Enum with members, but again, the comparison is apples and oranges.

When should I use enum.Enum?

This is the new canonical enumeration in Python. Collaborators will expect your enums to behave like these enums.

Use it anywhere you have a canonical source of enumerated data in your code where you want explicitly specified to use the canonical name, instead of arbitrary data.

For example, if in your code you want users to state that it's not "Green", "green", 2, or "Greene", but Color.green - use the enum.Enum object. It's both explicit and specific.

There are a lot of examples and recipes in the documentation.

When should I avoid them?

Stop rolling your own or letting people guess about magic numbers and strings. Don't avoid them. Embrace them.

However, if your enum members are required to be integers for historic reasons, there's the IntEnum from the same module, which has the same behavior, but is also an integer because it subclasses the builtin int before subclassing Enum. From IntEnum's help:

class IntEnum(builtins.int, Enum)

we can see that the IntEnum values would test as an instance of an int.

Enums have been added to Python 3.4 as described in PEP 435. It has also been backported to 3.3, 3.2, 3.1, 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, and 2.4 on pypi.

For more advanced Enum techniques try the aenum library (2.7, 3.3+, same author as enum34. Code is not perfectly compatible between py2 and py3, e.g. you'll need __order__ in python 2).

• To use enum34, do $ pip install enum34
• To use aenum, do $ pip install aenum

Installing enum (no numbers) will install a completely different and incompatible version.

from enum import Enum     # for enum34, or the stdlib version
# from aenum import Enum  # for the aenum version
Animal = Enum('Animal', 'ant bee cat dog')

Animal.ant  # returns <Animal.ant: 1>
Animal['ant']  # returns <Animal.ant: 1> (string lookup)
Animal.ant.name  # returns 'ant' (inverse lookup)

or equivalently:

class Animal(Enum):
    ant = 1
    bee = 2
    cat = 3
    dog = 4

In earlier versions, one way of accomplishing enums is:

def enum(**enums):
    return type('Enum', (), enums)

which is used like so:

>>> Numbers = enum(ONE=1, TWO=2, THREE='three')
>>> Numbers.ONE
1
>>> Numbers.TWO
2
>>> Numbers.THREE
'three'

You can also easily support automatic enumeration with something like this:

def enum(*sequential, **named):
    enums = dict(zip(sequential, range(len(sequential))), **named)
    return type('Enum', (), enums)

and used like so:

>>> Numbers = enum('ZERO', 'ONE', 'TWO')
>>> Numbers.ZERO
0
>>> Numbers.ONE
1

Support for converting the values back to names can be added this way:

def enum(*sequential, **named):
    enums = dict(zip(sequential, range(len(sequential))), **named)
    reverse = dict((value, key) for key, value in enums.iteritems())
    enums['reverse_mapping'] = reverse
    return type('Enum', (), enums)

This overwrites anything with that name, but it is useful for rendering your enums in output. It will throw a KeyError if the reverse mapping doesn't exist. With the first example:

>>> Numbers.reverse_mapping['three']
'THREE'

If you are using MyPy another way to express "enums" is with typing.Literal.

For example:

from typing import Literal #python >=3.8
from typing_extensions import Literal #python 2.7, 3.4-3.7


Animal = Literal['ant', 'bee', 'cat', 'dog']

def hello_animal(animal: Animal):
    print(f"hello {animal}")

hello_animal('rock') # error
hello_animal('bee') # passes