Decode the bytes object to produce a string:
>>> b"abcde".decode("utf-8")
'abcde'
The above example assumes that the bytes object is in UTF-8, because it is a common encoding. However, you should use the encoding your data is actually in!
Decode the bytes object to produce a string:
>>> b"abcde".decode("utf-8")
'abcde'
The above example assumes that the bytes object is in UTF-8, because it is a common encoding. However, you should use the encoding your data is actually in!
Decode the byte string and turn it in to a character (Unicode) string.
Python 3:
encoding = 'utf-8'
b'hello'.decode(encoding)
or
str(b'hello', encoding)
Python 2:
encoding = 'utf-8'
'hello'.decode(encoding)
or
unicode('hello', encoding)
How to convert string to bytes in Python 3 - Stack Overflow
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If you look at the docs for bytes, it points you to bytearray:
bytearray([source[, encoding[, errors]]])
Return a new array of bytes. The bytearray type is a mutable sequence of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. It has most of the usual methods of mutable sequences, described in Mutable Sequence Types, as well as most methods that the bytes type has, see Bytes and Byte Array Methods.
The optional source parameter can be used to initialize the array in a few different ways:
If it is a string, you must also give the encoding (and optionally, errors) parameters; bytearray() then converts the string to bytes using str.encode().
If it is an integer, the array will have that size and will be initialized with null bytes.
If it is an object conforming to the buffer interface, a read-only buffer of the object will be used to initialize the bytes array.
If it is an iterable, it must be an iterable of integers in the range 0 <= x < 256, which are used as the initial contents of the array.
Without an argument, an array of size 0 is created.
So bytes can do much more than just encode a string. It's Pythonic that it would allow you to call the constructor with any type of source parameter that makes sense.
For encoding a string, I think that some_string.encode(encoding) is more Pythonic than using the constructor, because it is the most self documenting -- "take this string and encode it with this encoding" is clearer than bytes(some_string, encoding) -- there is no explicit verb when you use the constructor.
I checked the Python source. If you pass a unicode string to bytes using CPython, it calls PyUnicode_AsEncodedString, which is the implementation of encode; so you're just skipping a level of indirection if you call encode yourself.
Also, see Serdalis' comment -- unicode_string.encode(encoding) is also more Pythonic because its inverse is byte_string.decode(encoding) and symmetry is nice.
It's easier than it is thought:
my_str = "hello world"
my_str_as_bytes = my_str.encode()
print(type(my_str_as_bytes)) # ensure it is byte representation
my_decoded_str = my_str_as_bytes.decode()
print(type(my_decoded_str)) # ensure it is string representation
you can verify by printing the types. Refer to output below.
<class 'bytes'>
<class 'str'>
Suppose I something like
s = "GW\x25\001"
How do I convert that string to bytes, interpreting the backslashes as escapes? In other words, the resulting byte array should be of length 4.
UPDATE: Hmmm, I was taking the string from sys.argv[1], which seems to complicate things and not make it turn out as expected. So I'm still not sure what the answer is.
in python 3:
>>> a=b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x07\x80\x00\x03'
>>> b = list(a)
>>> b
[0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 128, 0, 3]
>>> c = bytes(b)
>>> c
b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x07\x80\x00\x03'
>>>
From string to array of bytes:
a = bytearray.fromhex('00 00 00 00 07 80 00 03')
or
a = bytearray(b'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x07\x80\x00\x03')
and back to string:
key = ''.join(chr(x) for x in a)
