devtoolset is called gcc-toolset in RHEL8.

The following commands worked for me:

microdnf install -y gcc-toolset-12
scl enable gcc-toolset-12 bash
gcc --version
# gcc (GCC) 12.1.1 20220628 (Red Hat 12.1.1-3)

I feel foolish because I figured it out right after posting, but I figured I'd share because it isn't intuitive and hopefully this will save someone some time.

The package you want to install is not gcc. You want to install gcc-toolset-9. You will notice after installation that you will still get 8.x if you do a gcc --version. gcc-toolset-9 installs to /opt. The idea is to give you a separate development environment. See this documentation. After installation you can run the updated gcc with /opt/rh/gcc-toolset-9/<username>/bin/gcc.

As @Stephen Kitt pointed out, you can actually get a shell with the updated toolset by running scl enable gcc-toolset-9 bash. Running this command will open a new bash session with the environment variables appropriately updated.

You can also run gcc v.9 directly with scl enable gcc-toolset-9 gcc <your_gcc_args>. See this documentation for details.