Romantic music can most succinctly be characterized as an exploration of extremes. Tempo fluctuation, dynamics, instrument range, orchestral size, instrumental variety, and harmonic complexity. It was a growth from and rebuke of the constraints of the Classical period, which was itself a rebuke of the excesses of the Baroque. Answer from BirdBruce on reddit.com
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Stringovation
blogs.stringovation.com › the-romantic-period-of-music
The Romantic Period of Music
September 4, 2025 - Living and working during the transition from the Classical to the Romantic Period, he inspired generations of Romantic composers. His symphonies redefined the form and introduced features characteristic of Romanticism, such as autobiographical themes and named movements—like the third movement ...
Discussions

theory - What is the difference between the Romantic and post-romantic periods? - Music: Practice & Theory Stack Exchange
And I don't quite understand what ... that the Romantic period contains 'elaboration(s) of linear tonal syntax'. ... If you open the linked file and you search for the terms you've quoted you'll find the answers. Do you want me to copy-paste them here for you? Anyway, thank you for this link and grace to your question I have also found and downloaded this book file: www.ssoar.info Music of the twentieth ... More on music.stackexchange.com
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January 4, 2020
What are some defining characteristics of Romantic era music?
Romantic music can most succinctly be characterized as an exploration of extremes. Tempo fluctuation, dynamics, instrument range, orchestral size, instrumental variety, and harmonic complexity. It was a growth from and rebuke of the constraints of the Classical period, which was itself a rebuke of the excesses of the Baroque. More on reddit.com
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January 22, 2019
What makes romantic era music so romantic?
Contrapuntally voicelead chromatic extended harmonies. (actually I have no idea and I'm not sure there's an answer to your question) More on reddit.com
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August 18, 2022
OPINION: The Romantic Period could be split into 2 seperate periods.
Hate to tell you this but the terms "Early Romantic" and "Late Romantic" are already in common use. More on reddit.com
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Romantic music can most succinctly be characterized as an exploration of extremes. Tempo fluctuation, dynamics, instrument range, orchestral size, instrumental variety, and harmonic complexity. It was a growth from and rebuke of the constraints of the Classical period, which was itself a rebuke of the excesses of the Baroque. Answer from BirdBruce on reddit.com
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Wikipedia
en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Romantic_music
Romantic music - Wikipedia
2 weeks ago - It was also through the writings of Hoffmann and other German authors that German music was brought to the center of musical Romanticism. The classical period often used short, even fragmentary, thematic material while the Romantic period tended to make greater use of longer, more fully defined and more emotionally evocative themes.
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Practising the Piano
practisingthepiano.com › home › learning pieces › playing piano music from the romantic period
Playing Piano Music from the Romantic Period - Practising the Piano
November 22, 2023 - In the Romantic Period personal interpretation was the trend; performers approached music from all periods fearlessly, adding their own touches to compositions almost at whim – changing the notes, improvising a bit here and there.
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Music Theory Academy
musictheoryacademy.com › home › romantic period music
Romantic Period Music - Music Theory Academy
January 24, 2019 - The Romantic period of music is from 1830 to 1900. The Romantic period was a time where composers, artists and authors moved away from the formal restraint of the Classical period. In literature, authors like Byron, Scott, Wordsworth and Goethe led the way. In the musical world, composers such as Weber, Schubert, Schumann, Chopin, Liszt, Berlioz and Wagner were heavyweights of Romantic period music.
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Classic FM
classicfm.com › discover-music › periods-genres › romantic
Romantic - Periods & Genres - Discover Music - Classic FM
The Romantic period started around 1830 and ended around 1900, as compositions became increasingly expressive and inventive. Expansive symphonies, virtuosic piano music, dramatic operas, and passionate songs took inspiration from art and literature.
Find elsewhere
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Musicgcse
musicgcse.co.uk › concerto-through-time › romantic
GCSE Music Revision - Romantic
Large parts of the Romantic concerto were still diatonic, but composers would experiment with chords and notes from outside of the key. These are called chromatic notes and chords. This would add dissonance to the music. Dissonance is when notes clash with one another. This was sometimes done on purpose to add a sense of expression and drama to the music. ... We know that concertos in the Baroque and Classical periods modulated to related keys, so modulation is not a new feature to the Romantic period.
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MasterClass
masterclass.com › articles › romantic-period-music-guide
Romantic Period Music Guide: 5 Iconic Romantic Composers - 2025 - MasterClass
The Romantic period of music made major advances toward emotion and expression with less regard for the formal structures of the Renaissance, Baroque, and Classical periods of music. Key characteristics of the era include:
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Hoffman Academy
hoffmanacademy.com › blog › romantic-period-music-composers-characteristics-sheet-music
Romantic Period Music: Composers, History & Sheet Music
Learn about Romantic period music, including romantic era composers, musical characteristics, & sheet music for famous pieces.
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Fiveable
fiveable.me › all study guides › intro to humanities › unit 6 – music evolution through time study guides › topic: 6.5
Romantic period music | Intro to Humanities Class Notes | Fiveable
August 22, 2025 - Romantic music prioritized emotional expression and individuality over formal structures · Composers experimented with new harmonies, timbres, and forms to create more diverse musical landscapes · This period saw a significant expansion in the size and complexity of musical works and ensembles
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Scribd
scribd.com › doc › 272951475 › Characteristics-of-Romantic-Period
Characteristics of Romantic Period | PDF
Romantic music placed a strong emphasis on emotional expression and individual style. It featured more lyrical melodies accompanied by rich harmonies that sometimes used dissonance.
Rating: 5 ​ - ​ 1 votes
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The Main Characteristics of Romantic Music

https://www.rpfuller.com/gcse/music/romantic.html

  • Freedom of form and design. It was more personal and emotional.

  • Song-like melodies (lyrical), as well as many chromatic harmonies and discords.

  • Dramatic contrasts of dynamics and pitch.

  • Big orchestras, due mainly to brass and the invention of the valve.

  • Wide variety of pieces (i.e. songs up to five hour Wagner operas)

  • Programme music (music that tells a story)

  • Shape was brought to work through the use of recurring themes.

  • Great technical virtuosity.

  • Nationalism (a reaction against German influence)

    Postromantic (Blair Allen Johnston - the dissertation of your link)

  • Deformation and Structural Tension

  • Hyperdissonance: Definition and Initial Analytic Applications

  • Formalizing the Model: Tension Arcs

  • Exaggeration of Tonal Premises

  • Distortion of Tonal Premises

  • A Parenthesis: Neutralization of Tonal Premises

I don't fully understand what he's saying, in terms of chromatic expansion, elaborations of linear tonal syntax, exaggeration and fragmentation of tonal syntax and the superimposition of conventional functional tonal structures and intense chromatic and modal structures.

Let's assume that if someone will be able to find and read this dissertation he will know or understand what is meant by chromatic extension.*1)

So let's pick another example...

Blair quotes:

However, the Encyclopædia Britannica provides a starting point: [A] musical style typical of the last decades of the 19th century and first decades of the 20th century and characterized by exaggeration of certain elements of the musical Romanticism of the 19th century. Postromanticism exhibits extreme largeness of scope and design, a mixture of various musical forms (e.g., opera and symphony), and heightened contrapuntal complexity (i.e., a long or vast array, or both, of simultaneous but independent musical lines or events). Often Postromanticism also embraces vivid religious or mystical fervour, a sense of longing, and a sense of the grim and the grotesque.

Exaggeration and fragmentation of tonal syntax

“Exaggeration” and “vast array…of simultaneous but independent musical lines or events” are particularly telling. From them, I offer a more specific observation: if the Romantic is characterized by chromatic expansion and the development of striking elaborations of linear tonal syntax, then the Postromantic is characterized by exaggeration and ultimately fragmentation of tonal syntax, and the juxtaposition or superimposition of conventional functional tonal structures and intense chromatic and/or modal structures that challenge and even deform the functional tonal basis. In my view, complex interaction of variegated melodic-harmonic components is one source of the continuing fascination Postromantic music holds. A basic claim in the present document is that Rachmaninoff was a Postromantic composer, not an anachronistic Romantic composer.

*1)

To describe the development of harmony from basic chords to diminished seventh chords, mediant, neapolitan 6th, Italian-, French- and German-Sixth until the Tristan chord would be a theme too vast to answer the chromatic extensions. The best advice would be to listen to the music of Rachmaninoff and analyze his chords and progressions. (Just the intro of his Piano concerto will provide us a full range of interesting harmony!)

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Let me try to unpack the quotation a bit.

Romantic characteristics:

  • "Chromatic expansion": more possibilities for use of chromaticism, in context, I think this refers mostly to harmonic patterns (like chromatic chord progressions you wouldn't generally find in Bach or Mozart, for example)
  • "Development of striking elaborations of linear tonal syntax": "linear tonal syntax" here is likely a reference to Schenkerian theory, one of whose focuses is on trying to isolate so-called underlying "linear" voice-leading structures (e.g., simple descending lines) that are supposedly elaborated with lots of other "surface-level" notes, in a manner similar to baroque-style diminution and embellishment

The "striking elaborations" he's referring to are probably places where these "linear" structures become quite chromatic and/or incorporate extensive chromatic digressions in romantic period music.

Postromantic characteristics:

  • "Exaggeration and ultimately fragmentation of tonal syntax": in other words, traditional tonal progressions get used in both exaggerated ways (e.g., lots of repetitive tonal progressions) and fragmented (e.g., rather than getting full phrases of tonal harmonic progressions, you merely get fragments -- small parts of chord progressions that sound sort of like what Mozart would do, but then deviate off in an unexpected manner or get interrupted by other harmonies)
  • "Juxtaposition or superimposition of conventional functional tonal structures and intense chromatic and/or modal structures": this could be a reference to a lot of things, but generally it's referencing the idea that you might have something that sounds simple and harmonically straightforward (similar to Mozart) and then suddenly an intense chromatic passage follows or inserts itself, or rather than following "tonal" progressions, the music veers off into a mode "modal" harmony
  • "Challenge and even deform the functional tonal basis": in other words, at some points you may not know where the harmony is leading anymore, you may not end up in the key you expect; in general, the harmony becomes unpredictable compared to what you'd expect in Mozart
  • "Complex interaction of variegated melodic-harmonic components": more varied harmony (as noted in the points above), combined with melodic/contrapuntal driving forces that are also more varied than the typical Schenkerian reductive patterns that are often used to analyze romantic period music

(I use "Mozart" above as just an example of traditional "tonal" music that usually has very clearly defined functional harmony, with very predictable progressions and phrases, etc.)

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Lumen Learning
courses.lumenlearning.com › suny-musicapp-medieval-modern › chapter › romantic-music
Romantic Music | Music 101
Composers of the Romantic Era, like Elgar, showed the world that there should be “no segregation of musical tastes” and that the “purpose was to write music that was to be heard.” · During the Romantic period, music often took on a much more nationalistic purpose.
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Quora
quora.com › What-do-you-find-interesting-about-Romantic-period-music
What do you find interesting about Romantic period music? - Quora
Answer (1 of 3): Thanks for the A2A. What do you find interesting about Romantic period music? For me, it’s emotionalism. Mozart was a great psychologist in his operas, as was Monteverdi. Yet the way they depict the emotions the characters are experiencing is still objective, partly because th...
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Musical U
musical-u.com › musical u › ear training › genres › an intro to the romantic era
An Intro to the Romantic Era - Musical U
February 14, 2017 - Nevertheless, Chopin has among the highest number of works that are still used in modern classical repertoires. Franz Liszt. The Romantic movement is known for being eclectic and widespread, and no one personified those qualities better than Liszt.
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Britannica
britannica.com › entertainment & pop culture › music theory & compositions
Romanticism - Emotion, Expression, Imagination | Britannica
4 weeks ago - Romanticism - Emotion, Expression, Imagination: Musical Romanticism was marked by emphasis on originality and individuality, personal emotional expression, and freedom and experimentation of form.
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BBC
bbc.co.uk › bitesize › guides › zw3nrwx › revision › 4
Romantic - Musical periods and styles - National 5 Music Revision - BBC Bitesize
October 22, 2024 - The improvement in instrumental build, along with the increased number of players, ensured that a romantic orchestra could have lots of dynamic contrast - including exaggerated crescendo, diminuendo and sforzandoclosesforzandoPlaying with sudden, strong emphasis. - and lots of timbralclosetimbreThe tone of a musical sound - separate from its pitch or loudness.
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Jeanmichelserres
jeanmichelserres.com › home › text › note / memorandum / remark › notes on late romantic music (c1880-1910): history, characteristics and composers
Notes on Late Romantic Music (c1880-1910): History, Characteristics and Composers | Jean-Michel Serres, Composer-pianist (Apfel Café Music): Website
August 9, 2025 - The music became more dramatic, complex, and deeply personal. Expanded Orchestra and Sound: Composers like Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss used massive orchestras, incorporating a wider range of instruments and exploiting their unique timbral ...
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Tina Christie Flute
tinachristieflute.com › home › music eras for flutists › romantic era (1800-1900) › characteristics of romantic music
Characteristics of Romantic Music - Tina Christie Flute
March 11, 2022 - Music in the Romantic Era is multi-faceted, but can be thought of as a shift from the expression of logic and reason to individualism and emotion. Romanticism embraced the intense portrayal of emotion and human passion over the restraint that ...
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Art Sphere Inc.
artsphere.org › home › curriculum › art & music history › introduction to the romantic period of classical music
Introduction to the Romantic Period of Classical Music | Art Sphere Inc.
July 14, 2022 - The Romantic period’s music was theatrical, energetic, and emotional, and composers drew on influences from famous art and literature. Tone poems are characteristic of this period, and they are single-movement pieces that are inspired by and ...