From the guide, rustup will check for updates to itself (in addition to the toolchain updates) every time you run rustup update. You could also exclusively update rustup by running rustup self update.
How do I update Rust to the latest version (on Linux)? Should I just install the new version over the old one?
PSA: new rustup version might break your CI soon. Prepare!
rustup update in traditional package installed operating systems
Make `rustup update` completely update the default target before working on others
Videos
Rustup 1.28.0 was released today (https://blog.rust-lang.org/2025/03/02/Rustup-1.28.0.html). It includes a breaking change where the Rust toolchain from rust-toolchain.toml files won't be installed by default anymore.
If you run your CI on GitHub Actions, and use rust-toolchain.toml, you might want to take a look at updating your CI workflows, for example with the workaround mentioned in the blog post (rustup show active-toolchain || rustup toolchain install). Otherwise your CI will break when GitHub actions runner image will update to rustup 1.28.0 (which might happen in the upcoming few weeks, I assume).
EDIT: The breaking change was reverted in Rustup 1.28.1 (https://blog.rust-lang.org/2025/03/04/Rustup-1.28.1.html).