The one place where you may think you want new String(String) is to force a distinct copy of the internal character array, as in
small=new String(huge.substring(10,20))
However, this behavior is unfortunately undocumented and implementation dependent.
I have been burned by this when reading large files (some up to 20 MiB) into a String and carving it into lines after the fact. I ended up with all the strings for the lines referencing the char[] consisting of entire file. Unfortunately, that unintentionally kept a reference to the entire array for the few lines I held on to for a longer time than processing the file - I was forced to use new String() to work around it, since processing 20,000 files very quickly consumed huge amounts of RAM.
The only implementation agnostic way to do this is:
small=new String(huge.substring(10,20).toCharArray());
This unfortunately must copy the array twice, once for toCharArray() and once in the String constructor.
There needs to be a documented way to get a new String by copying the chars of an existing one; or the documentation of String(String) needs to be improved to make it more explicit (there is an implication there, but it's rather vague and open to interpretation).
Pitfall of Assuming what the Doc Doesn't State
In response to the comments, which keep coming in, observe what the Apache Harmony implementation of new String() was:
public String(String string) {
value = string.value;
offset = string.offset;
count = string.count;
}
That's right, no copy of the underlying array there. And yet, it still conforms to the (Java 7) String documentation, in that it:
Initializes a newly created String object so that it represents the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an explicit copy of original is needed, use of this constructor is unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
The salient piece being "copy of the argument string"; it does not say "copy of the argument string and the underlying character array supporting the string".
Be careful that you program to the documentation and not one implementation.
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The one place where you may think you want new String(String) is to force a distinct copy of the internal character array, as in
small=new String(huge.substring(10,20))
However, this behavior is unfortunately undocumented and implementation dependent.
I have been burned by this when reading large files (some up to 20 MiB) into a String and carving it into lines after the fact. I ended up with all the strings for the lines referencing the char[] consisting of entire file. Unfortunately, that unintentionally kept a reference to the entire array for the few lines I held on to for a longer time than processing the file - I was forced to use new String() to work around it, since processing 20,000 files very quickly consumed huge amounts of RAM.
The only implementation agnostic way to do this is:
small=new String(huge.substring(10,20).toCharArray());
This unfortunately must copy the array twice, once for toCharArray() and once in the String constructor.
There needs to be a documented way to get a new String by copying the chars of an existing one; or the documentation of String(String) needs to be improved to make it more explicit (there is an implication there, but it's rather vague and open to interpretation).
Pitfall of Assuming what the Doc Doesn't State
In response to the comments, which keep coming in, observe what the Apache Harmony implementation of new String() was:
public String(String string) {
value = string.value;
offset = string.offset;
count = string.count;
}
That's right, no copy of the underlying array there. And yet, it still conforms to the (Java 7) String documentation, in that it:
Initializes a newly created String object so that it represents the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an explicit copy of original is needed, use of this constructor is unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
The salient piece being "copy of the argument string"; it does not say "copy of the argument string and the underlying character array supporting the string".
Be careful that you program to the documentation and not one implementation.
The only time I have found this useful is in declaring lock variables:
private final String lock = new String("Database lock");
....
synchronized(lock)
{
// do something
}
In this case, debugging tools like Eclipse will show the string when listing what locks a thread currently holds or is waiting for. You have to use "new String", i.e. allocate a new String object, because otherwise a shared string literal could possibly be locked in some other unrelated code.
varags. If a method signature is method(Param param, String... x) it will take one Param type of object and any number of String objects.
There are couple if cool things about it:
It's nothing special. It's just sugared array. So,
method(MyObject... o)is same asmethod(MyObject[] o).Vararg has to be the last parameter in argument list.
There is this funny thing that bit me once.
method(MyObject... o)can be called asmethod()without any compilation error. Java will internally convert the no-arg call tomethod(new MyObject[0]). So, be aware of this.
It's syntax for writing the items of the array as a parameter
for instance:
public String first (String... values) {
return values[0];
}
Then you can call this method with first("4","2","5","67")
The javacompiler will create an array of the parameters on its own.