Add /Developer/usr/bin to your path and try again.

When you installed the Apple Developer tools, did you also install the "Unix Development" package? From the Xcode 3.2.2 developer tools for Mac SDK 10.6 and iPhone SDK 3.2 README file:

Installation

The Xcode and iPhone SDK installer provides six options for configuring the installation from the “Customize...” button:

...

• UNIX Development. Command-line tools used for UNIX-based development. Its components are always placed in /usr - only one version installed at a time.

I believe that is what triggers putting the utilities into /usr/bin ...

Make, among other things, is available through Apple's Command Line Tools. Install Command Line Tools through XCode by going to XCode->Preferences->Downloads

You can also download Command Line Tools without installing XCode from the Apple Developer site: https://developer.apple.com/opensource/

Your PATH is hosed!

First check your .bash_profile file with:

/usr/bin/nano ~/.bash_profile

Prepend lines containing something like export PATH="/... " with a # to comment them out. Save the file with ctrlO and exit nano with ctrlX

Then check /etc/paths with: /bin/cat /etc/paths.

It should look like this:

/usr/local/bin
/usr/bin
/bin
/usr/sbin
/sbin

You can edit the file with /usr/bin/sudo /usr/bin/nano /etc/paths if required.

If everything is fine enter source ~/.bash_profile or close the Terminal window and open a new one.

Now sudo should work again. Then check all #export PATH=... lines in your .bash_profile for potential errors. You may add them to your question to get help here.

Please execute following command to install make in your system

sudo yum install build-essential

Run this command to install make and all the packages needed to build your code.

sudo apt-get install build-essential

As stated in the comments the right files to set up your $PATH variable are: ~/.profile or ~/.bash_profile

export PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/opt/x11/bin:$PATH

In this way when you re-enter in the console your PATH will work fine. You can add other directories to your $PATH as you like.

If you just copy and past that line in an active console you just set the PATH variable temporary, when you logout and login again you will loose your path, so add it in your ~/.bashrc file.

As a temporary solution, run this command:

export PATH=/usr/bin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/opt/x11/bin:$PATH

Then do sudo vi .bash_profile and place /usr/bin at the end of what's already there. Press I in order to begin editing the document, Esc to stop, and type :x to save and quit the editor.

However, you aren't able to use apt-get or yum on a macOS system. The closest macOS has is Homebrew or Macports.

By default sudo is not installed on Debian, but you can install it. First enable su-mode:
su -

Install sudo by running:
apt-get install sudo -y

After that you would need to play around with users and permissions. Give sudo right to your own user.

usermod -aG sudo yourusername

Make sure your sudoers file have sudo group added. Run:
visudo to modify sudoers file and add following line into it (if it is missing):

# Allow members of group sudo to execute any command
%sudo   ALL=(ALL:ALL) ALL

You need to relogin or reboot device completely for changes to take effect.