Had the same problem. I don't know why they not mention this in docs. Just want to add a little to Tobias Haugen answer.

To run in every component/parent rerender you need to use:

  useEffect(() => {

    // don't know where it can be used :/
  })

To run anything only one time after component mount(will be rendered once) you need to use:

  useEffect(() => {

    // do anything only one time if you pass empty array []
    // keep in mind, that component will be rendered one time (with default values) before we get here
  }, [] )

To run anything one time on component mount and on data/data2 change:

  const [data, setData] = useState(false)
  const [data2, setData2] = useState('default value for first render')
  useEffect(() => {

// if you pass some variable, than component will rerender after component mount one time and second time if this(in my case data or data2) is changed
// if your data is object and you want to trigger this when property of object changed, clone object like this let clone = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(data)), change it clone.prop = 2 and setData(clone).
// if you do like this 'data.prop=2' without cloning useEffect will not be triggered, because link to data object in momory doesn't changed, even if object changed (as i understand this)
  }, [data, data2] )

How i use it most of the time:

export default function Book({id}) { 
  const [book, bookSet] = useState(false) 

  const loadBookFromServer = useCallback(async () => {
    let response = await fetch('api/book/' + id)
    response  = await response.json() 
    bookSet(response)
  }, [id]) // every time id changed, new book will be loaded

  useEffect(() => {
    loadBookFromServer()
  }, [loadBookFromServer]) // useEffect will run once and when id changes


  if (!book) return false //first render, when useEffect did't triggered yet we will return false

  return <div>{JSON.stringify(book)}</div>  
}