1. Enable Auto Detect (Search in Settings: window.autoDetectColorScheme)
2. Customize Color Themes (Search in Settings: workbench preferred color theme)

More Detail (Visual Studio Code Themes):

Auto switch based on OS color scheme Windows and macOS support light and dark color schemes. There is a setting, window.autoDetectColorScheme, that instructs VS Code to listen to changes to the OS's color scheme and switch to a matching theme accordingly.

To customize the themes that are used when a color scheme changes, you can set the preferred light, dark, and high contrast themes with the settings:

workbench.preferredLightColorTheme - defaults to "Default Light+" workbench.preferredDarkColorTheme - defaults to "Default Dark+" workbench.preferredHighContrastColorTheme - defaults to "Default High Contrast" workbench.preferredHighContrastLightColorTheme - defaults to "Default High Contrast Light"

In VS code 'User Settings', you can edit visible colours using the following tags (this is a sample and there are much more tags):

"workbench.colorCustomizations": {
    "list.inactiveSelectionBackground": "#C5DEF0",
    "sideBar.background": "#F8F6F6",
    "sideBar.foreground": "#000000",
    "editor.background": "#FFFFFF",
    "editor.foreground": "#000000",
    "sideBarSectionHeader.background": "#CAC9C9",
    "sideBarSectionHeader.foreground": "#000000",
    "activityBar.border": "#FFFFFF",
    "statusBar.background": "#102F97",
    "scrollbarSlider.activeBackground": "#77D4CB",
    "scrollbarSlider.hoverBackground": "#8CE6DA",
    "badge.background": "#81CA91"
}

If you want to edit some C++ color tokens, use the following tag:

"editor.tokenColorCustomizations": {
    "numbers": "#2247EB",
    "comments": "#6D929C",
    "functions": "#0D7C28"
}

The actual extension is now live for VS 2017. – vaindil

The official Visual Studio 2017 Color Theme Editor has arrived! I recommend using it instead of the hack below. Since the hacked version has some downsides that the official plugin does not have: it requires restarting visual studio when importing themes, plugin updates cause loosing themes, it doesn't define all colors that VS2017 uses.

Still, people might find use in hacking VSIX-files to get old Visual Studio plugins working. Therefore I leave the original answer below for reference.

Original answer: hacking plugin VSIX-file

With some hacking you CAN install the VS2015 Color Theme Editor or the VS2013 Color Theme Editor. I tried it and it more or less appears to work^*.

• download the linked VSIX-file and save it somewhere (e.g. in ColorThemeEditor.vsix);
• VSIX-files are zip archives, open its contents for editing (or extract it and recompress it after editing) (for example with 7-Zip);

• Edit extension.vsixmanifest;

  • there are two InstallationTargets (Id="Microsoft.VisualStudio.Pro" and Id="Microsoft.VisualStudion.IntegratedShell");
  • change the Version from "[14.0,15.0)" or "[12.0,13.0)" to respectively "[14.0,16.0)" or "[12.0,16.0)"

  • Only for the VS2013 Color Theme Editor, remove the Dependency with DisplayName="Visual Studio Product Updates" or change it to Version="12.0.20827.3,16.0))

    Visual studio 2017 is version 15.0. Square bracket means inclusive, whereas round bracket is exclusive.

• Save extension.vsixmanifest and ColorThemeEditor.vsix;

• Open ColorThemeEditor.vsix via the VSIXInstaller

  There might be some warnings about incompatible versions; but if all went well `Visual Studio 2017 is among the versions in which the plugin can be installed.

• Install the plugin for Visual Studio 2017.

Editing and saving themes is problematic, as pointed out by @RepoMan. The following work around allows you to edit a theme and save it:

• Edit the theme as you normally would
• Save the changes, e.g. via the save and apply button
• Visual Studio throws a null reference exception; ignore it.
• Visual studio is not yet affected by the changes
• Restart Visual Studio; the new instance should have your theme changes.

^*There is a problem when importing and deleting imported themes: Could not load file or assembly 'Microsoft.VisualStudio.ExtensionManager, Version=12.0.0.0. .... At first the imported theme can not be selected. After visual studio has been restarted you can select the imported theme.

Perhaps you want to try Visual Studio Color Theme Designer 2022

Or install VS2019 dark theme

And additionally report it to http://developercommunity.visualstudio.com as a problem, to make the default theme good.