In Python you have two fine ways to repeat some action more than once. One of them is while loop and the other - for loop. So let's have a look on two simple pieces of code: for i in range(n): More on stackoverflow.com

I’m new to while loops, and I don’t quite get what’s going on in this code from my book: current_number = 1 while current_number More on discuss.python.org

I think a lot of the proble is this syntax…but your format makes it hard to be 100% here. One blank line above code block, then four leading spaces on every line. if checker == 2 == True: If checker is 2, I believe it runs like this. if checker == (2 == True): if 2 == 2 == True: #2 != True if 2 == False: #which is always gonna be Flase So it never gets to the break, hard to tell formatting is bad. You simple remove the erroneous ‘==True’ from those comparisons. ‘If’ always asks if the thing is Truthy, we use ‘not’ to make Flasey things Truthy. More on reddit.com

In general, recall the while loop syntax. while : Conceptually, coding aside, consider filling a glass of water. Is there space for more water in the glass? Okay, then pour some. Without going in detail of how this funky glass object is defined, hopefully the following makes sense as a python analog of that process. while glass.has_space(): #we're still filling the glass glass.add_water() #glass is now full of water Without writing out how this glass object works, let's say it has another method for returning a boolean (True/False) for whether or not it is currently full, instead of the previous example of whether or not it had space for more water. We can fill the glass in the same way, but we have to negate that statement using the not operator while not glass.is_full(): #we're still filling the glass glass.add_water() #glass is now full of water Going back to the initial syntax, which is still the same, the only thing we've done is changing the condition statement of the loop. Instead of checking that glass.has_space() evaluates to True, we are now checking that the expression not glass.is_full() evaluates to True. That is the same statement as evaluating that glass.is_full() evaluates to False, because the only thing the not operator does to a boolean is negating it, i.e. True becomes False and vice versa. Now looking at your code linked, the condition for looping is that not sequenceCorrect evaluates to True, which is equivalent to the statement that sequenceCorrect is False. I won't paste the code here, but we see on line 3 that sequenceCorrect starts its life being False, so upon entering the while loop we do indeed step into that block of code because at that time not sequenceCorrect is in fact True. Then the first thing we do on line 5 is reassign it to True. If the remaining lines don't change it back to False, this will stop the while loop from repeating, since in this current state not sequenceCorrect evaluates to False. So you can say that line 5 is defaulting the loop to not going to be repeated. The only way for the loop to be repeated is for lines 6-8 with the nested for loop and if statement to find some character in dna that is not in "actgn", upon which sequenceCorrect will be assigned to False and thus the statement in the while loop not sequenceCorrect would evaluate to True and thus the loop would repeat itself once more. Personally, I think this is just a pretty unclear way to achieve the goal of checking the validity of that input string. I would have defined it another way, but I can't see anything wrong with it really. If the not operation in the while loop statement is bothering you, you could equally have rewritten the code with a variable for instance named sequenceIncorrect and just flipped all assignments i.e. True's become False's and vice versa. More on reddit.com