Simply increase your step size!

for stepSize in range(10):
    for count in range(10):
        print((count + 1) * (stepSize + 1), end=" ")
    # count loop has ended, back into the scope of stepSize loop
    # We are also printing(" ") to end the line
    print(" ")
# stepSize loop has finished, code is done

Explanation: The first, outer loop is increasing our step size, then for each step size we count up 10 steps and finish the line when we print(" ") in the outer for loop.

for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++){
    for (int j = 1; j <= 12; j++){
        System.out.print("~");
    }
}
System.out.println();

can easily be:

for (int i = 0; i < 48; i++) {
    System.out.print('~');
}
System.out.println();

Some edits:

• Improved formatting: ){ to ) {
• Simplified to one for loop that runs from 0 to 47 (start at 0, run to less than 48)
• Print a single char instead of a String with one char in it to improve performance

This:

        System.out.print("~");

for (int i = 1; i <=15; i++){
        System.out.print("+~~");
}
        System.out.println("+~");

Can be this:

for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++){
    System.out.print("~+~");
}
System.out.println();

What changed:

• Better formatting
• Loops and prints the ~+~ pattern

        System.out.print("+~");
for (int i = 1; i <= 15; i++){
        System.out.print("++~");
    }
        System.out.println("+");

to:

for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++){
    System.out.print("+~+");
}
System.out.println();

Changes made:

• Better formatting
• Loops and prints the +~+ pattern

All of the fixes have some things in common:

• Indentation and formatting
• Find the correct pattern

Other changes:

• Use methods:

  Currently all your code is in the main method. Split it up.

Final code:

public class Exercises {

    public static void main (String[] args){
        printTildes();
        printTPT_Pattern();
        printPTP_Pattern();
        printTildes();
    }

    private static void printTildes() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 48; i++){
            System.out.print("~");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }

    private static void printTPT_Pattern() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++){
            System.out.print("~+~");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }

    private static void printPTP_Pattern() {
        for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++){
            System.out.print("+~+");
        }
        System.out.println();
    }

}

The odd integer constants in the OP code don't make a lot of sense (even if they might work.)

One variable counting up while another counts down can be a bit like Zero Mostel's "One long staircase just going up, and one even longer coming down.." Hard to envision.

Try the following:

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    for( int r = 1; r < 7; r++ ) { // output 6 rows
        for( int b = r; b <= 7; b++ ) // 1=>7, then 2=>7, then 3=>7... easy!
            putchar( 'B' ); // no need to engage all of printf() for a character
        putchar( '\n' );
    }

    return 0;
}

BBBBBBB
BBBBBB
BBBBB
BBBB
BBB
BB

In essence, one can imagine that the floor (the starting point) gets progressively higher, but the ceiling does not move.

Noticed that you ask, in the comments below your question, "What is the correct, efficient way...? "
Here is one way that does not use nested loops:

int main() {
    char *bees = "BBBBBBB";

    for( int i = 0; bees[i+1]; i++ ) // "+1" because pattern ends with "BB"
        puts( bees + i );

    return 0;
}