An Optional always contains a non-null value or is empty, yes, but you don't have an Optional, you have a reference of type Optional pointing to null. You need to initialize testString, e.g. to Optional.empty().
Optional isn't magic, it's an object like any other, and the Optional reference itself can be null. It's the contents of the Optional that can't be null.
An Optional always contains a non-null value or is empty, yes, but you don't have an Optional, you have a reference of type Optional pointing to null. You need to initialize testString, e.g. to Optional.empty().
Optional isn't magic, it's an object like any other, and the Optional reference itself can be null. It's the contents of the Optional that can't be null.
From the oracle documentation for the Optional type :
A container object which may or may not contain a non-null value.
So, yes it will return null if the variable is set to null. More info here
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Since the whole purpose of Optional is to represent values that might not exist, why does the constructor of Optional require a non-null value? Is it becuase they wanted to coalesce all empty Optionals down to a single instance? Even if that's true, why not make Optional.of() behave the way Optional.ofNullable() and do away with the ofNullable() method?
Edit to clarify my opinion and respond to some of the points raised:
My opinion stated clearly, is only two "constructor" methods should exist:
of (and it should work like the current ofNullable method)
empty
So far the arguments against my opinion have been:
Having .of() and .ofNullable() makes it clear at the point of construction when the value exists and when it might not exist.
This is true, but that clarity is redundant. For safety, the call to .of() will either be inside the not-null branch of a null-check, or come after a not-null assertion. So even if .of() behaved as .ofNullable() does it would be clear that the value exists.
2. It guards against changes in behavior of the the methods supplying the values. If one of the supplying methods suddenly changes from never returning nulls to sometime returning nulls it will catch the error.
I would argue that guarding against this occurrence is the responsibility of the function returning the Optional values, and not the responsibility of Optional. If the function needs to guard against a null value so that it can handle it in some fashion (eg. by calling another supplier method) then then it needs to implement the not-null assertion explicitly in the body of its code. This is more clear than relying on an class called Optional do something that is semantically at odds with the plain reading of its class name.
In the case where the function doesn't care whether the value returned from the supplier is null or not, it should simply be able to call .of() to create the optional and return it.
Optional harnesses the type system for doing work that you'd otherwise have to do all in your head: remembering whether or not a given reference may be null. This is good. It's always smart to let the compiler handle boring drugework, and reserve human thought for creative, interesting work.
Without Optional, every reference in your code is like an unexploded bomb. Accessing it may do something useful, or else it may terminate your program wth an exception.
With Optional and without null, every access to a normal reference succeeds, and every reference to an Optional succeeds unless it's unset and you failed to check for that. That is a huge win in maintainability.
Unfortunately, most languages that now offer Optional haven't abolished null, so you can only profit from the concept by instituting a strict policy of "absolutely no null, ever". Therefore, Optional in e.g. Java is not as compelling as it should ideally be.
An Optional brings stronger typing into operations that may fail, as the other answers have covered, but that is far from the most interesting or valuable thing Optionals bring to the table. Much more useful is the ability to delay or avoid checking for failure, and to easily compose many operations that may fail.
Consider if you had your optional variable from your example code, then you had to perform two additional steps that each might potentially fail. If any step along the way fails, you want to return a default value instead. Using Optionals correctly, you end up with something like this:
return optional.flatMap(x -> x.anotherOptionalStep())
.flatMap(x -> x.yetAnotherOptionalStep())
.orElse(defaultValue);
With null I would have had to check three times for null before proceeding, which adds a lot of complexity and maintenance headaches to the code. Optionals have that check built in to the flatMap and orElse functions.
Note I didn't call isPresent once, which you should think of as a code smell when using Optionals. That doesn't necessarily mean you should never use isPresent, just that you should heavily scrutinize any code that does, to see if there is a better way. Otherwise, you're right, you're only getting a marginal type safety benefit over using null.
Also note that I'm not as worried about encapsulating this all into one function, in order to protect other parts of my code from null pointers from intermediate results. If it makes more sense to have my .orElse(defaultValue) in another function for example, I have much fewer qualms about putting it there, and it's much easier to compose the operations between different functions as needed.
In practice, why is this useful?
For example let's say you have this stream of integers and you're doing a filtering:
int x = IntStream.of(1, -3, 5)
.filter(x -> x % 2 == 0)
.findFirst(); //hypothetical assuming that there's no Optional in the API
You don't know in advance that the filter operation will remove all the values in the Stream.
Assume that there would be no Optional in the API. In this case, what should findFirst return?
The only possible way would be to throw an exception such as NoSuchElementException, which is IMO rather annoying, as I don't think it should stop the execution of your program (or you'd have to catch the exception, not very convenient either) and the filtering criteria could be more complex than that.
With the use of Optional, it's up to the caller to check whether the Optional is empty or not (i.e if your computation resulted in a value or not).
With reference type, you could also return null (but null could be a possible value in the case you filter only null values; so we're back to the exception case).
Concerning non-stream usages, in addition to prevent NPE, I think it also helps to design a more explicit API saying that the value may be present or not. For example consider this class:
class Car {
RadioCar radioCar; //may be null or not
public Optional<RadioCar> getRadioCar() {
return Optional.ofNullable(radioCar);
}
}
Here you are clearly saying to the caller that the radio in the car is optional, it might be or not there.
When Java was first designed it was common practice to use a special value, usually called null to indicate special circumstances like I couldn't find what you were looking for. This practice was adopted by Java.
Since then it has been suggested that this practice should be considered an anti-pattern, especially for objects, because it means that you have to litter your code with null checks to achieve reliability and stability. It is also a pain when you want to put null into a collection for example.
The modern attitude is to use a special object that may or may not hold a value. This way you can safely create one and just not fill it with anything. Here you are seeing Java 8 encouraging this best-practice by providing an Optional object.
Use Optional.ofNullable if you are unsure whether you have a value or not, but you do not want a NullPointerException to be thrown.
Use Optional.of if you know you have a non-null-value or if it's ok for you if a NullPointerException is thrown otherwise.
Regarding the rest of your question: why null or Optional you may find the following question useful: Optional vs. null. What is the purpose of Optional in Java 8?
Your question may also be related to: Why use Optional.of over Optional.ofNullable?
Optional does not prevent from throwing an NPE, It makes it very easy to avoid, but you have to do your part, for example, I would refactor your code to something like this.
public void doSomethingA(String para) {
Optional<String> optName = Optional.ofNullable(para);
String name = optName.orElse("Unknown");
//At his point, you are completely sure that name is even given name or "Unknown"
//and can do wherever you want without being afraid of throwing a NPE
}
You can use other optional Method like:
optName.orElseThrow() to throw and error if your param is null, optName.orElseGet(() -> { return "Unknown" ;}); practically does the same than the example but you can add more logic to get the default value, or many other methods.