I finished a course and want to expand upon my knowledge and make sure I don't forget it. For this I need to do a challenge or two a day, but the aforementioned sites don't support PostgressSQL which is the flavor I learned.
MySQL queries are, in most cases, exactly the same as PostgreSQL queries. Like PostgreSQL, MySQL uses tables as a core component and has more or less the same feature set as PostgreSQL. If you just use basic SQL, then you will hardly notice any difference between PostgreSQL and MySQL.
There is a standard for the SQL language. That standard has grown and evolved over the years, with various editions published over decades.
Many databases claim to support various editions of the standard. However, no database has implemented all of the standard completely. And all databases extend the standard, adding commands and features beyond those defined in the standard. Every SQL database on the market is both a subset and a superset of the standard.
So your Question is impossible to answer. SQL is too vast and the database systems too diverse to make any kind of sensible conclusion about the closeness of similarity. All SQL database systems are quite similar to each other versus non-SQL databases, but they are also quite different. Learning about these differences, and learning to live with them, is just part of life if you intend to write portable code.
Postgres makes a priority of complying with the standard. And one can argue Postgres is one of the most compliant implementations of the standard. The documentation is quite good about describing aspects of the standard and then describing how Postgres does or does not implement those.
Videos
Any site to solve PostgreSQL challenges like the online Hackathon sites are there on programming languages?